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<h3>Format &nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onClick="var e; if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion)>=4){e=event;}  if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) >=2 && typeof(PopupMenu_Invoke) == 'function') PopupMenu_Invoke(e,'','Data Flow','../../../System_Overview/Analyzer_Model/Copy_of_Basic_Concepts.htm','Display formats and diagram types','../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Display_Formats_and_Diagram_Types.htm','Measured quantities','../Measure/Trace_-_Measure.htm');return false;" title="Related Topics"><img src="../../../ss_btn_related_topics.gif" border=0 height=20 width=96 alt="Related Topics"></a>


 </h3>

<p>The <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Format</I></span> submenu<span style="font-style: italic;"> 
 <I></I></span>defines how the measured data is presented in the graphical display. 
 </p>

<p class="whs1"><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs2"> <a HREF="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Display_Formats_and_Diagram_Types.htm"
												id=A81
												style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Display 
 formats and diagram types</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A81');
//--></script></p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p><img src="Format_key.gif" width="134px" height="127px" border="0" class="img_whs6"> &nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class=Figure><img src="Format_Menu.gif" width="231px" height="264px" border="0" class="img_whs8"></td></tr>
</table>

<ul type="disc" class="whs9">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#dB_Mag"
	id=a24
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">dB Mag</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a24');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects a Cartesian diagram with a logarithmic scale of the vertical axis 
 to display the magnitude of a complex measured quantity. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Phase"
	id=a25
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Phase</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a25');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects a Cartesian diagram with a linear vertical axis to display the 
 phase of a complex measured quantity in the range between &#8211;180 
 degrees and +180 degrees. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Smith"
	id=a26
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Smith</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a26');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects a Smith diagram to display an S-parameter or ratio.</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Polar"
	id=a27
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Polar</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a27');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects a polar diagram to display an S-parameter or ratio.</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Delay"
	id=a28
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Delay</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a28');
//--></script></I></span> 
 calculates the group delay from an S-parameter or ratio and displays it 
 in a Cartesian diagram. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Aperture"
	id=a29
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Aperture</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a29');
//--></script></I></span> 
 sets a delay aperture for the delay calculation. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#SWR"
	id=a30
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">SWR</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a30');
//--></script></I></span> 
 calculates the Standing Wave Ratio from the measured reflection S-parameters 
 and displays it in a Cartesian diagram. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Lin_Mag"
	id=a31
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Lin 
 Mag</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a31');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects a Cartesian diagram with a linear scale of the vertical axis to 
 display the magnitude of the measured quantity. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Real"
	id=a32
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Real</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a32');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects a Cartesian diagram to display the real part of a complex measured 
 quantity. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Imag"
	id=a33
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Imag</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a33');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects a Cartesian diagram to display the imaginary part of a complex 
 measured quantity.</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Inverted_Smith"
	id=a34
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Inverted 
 Smith</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a34');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects an inverted Smith diagram to display an S-parameter or ratio.</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Unwrapped_Phase"
	id=a35
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Unwrapped 
 Phase</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a35');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects a Cartesian diagram with a linear vertical axis to display the 
 phase of the measured quantity in an arbitrary phase range.</p></li>
</ul>

<p>The <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Format </I></span>settings are closely 
 related to the settings in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="../Scale/Trace_-_Scale.htm" id="a54" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Scale</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a54');
//--></script></I></span> 
 submenu and in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="../../Display/Display_Menu.htm" id="a60" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Display</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a60');
//--></script> 
 </I></span>menu. All of them have an influence on the way the analyzer presents 
 data on the screen.</p>

<p class=Note><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B><img src="../../../small_images/note.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10"></B></span>The 
 analyzer allows arbitrary combinations of display formats and measured 
 quantities (<a href="../Measure/Trace_-_Measure.htm"
				id=a1
				style="font-style: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Trace 
 &#8211; Measure</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a1');
//--></script>). 
 Nevertheless, in order to extract useful information from the data, it 
 is important to select a display format which is appropriate to the analysis 
 of a particular measured quantity; see <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Display_Formats_and_Diagram_Types.htm#Display_Formats"
	id=A13
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Measured 
 Quantities and Display Formats</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A13');
//--></script></I></span>. 
 &nbsp;</p>

<img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10">An extended range of formats 
 is available for markers. To convert any point on a trace, create a marker 
 and select the appropriate <a href="../Marker/Marker.htm#Mkr_Format"
								id=a6
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">marker 
 format</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a6');
//--></script>. 
 Marker and trace formats can be applied independently. &nbsp;


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><a name=dB_Mag></a> dB Mag</h4>

<p>Selects a Cartesian diagram with a logarithmic scale of the vertical 
 axis to display the magnitude of the complex measured quantity. &nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The stimulus variable 
 appears on the horizontal axis, scaled linearly. The magnitude of the 
 complex quantity C, i.e. |C| = sqrt ( Re(C)<span style="font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: Super;"><font size=1 style="font-size:6pt;">2</font></span> 
 + Im(C)<span style="font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: Super;"><font size=1 style="font-size:6pt;">2</font></span> ), 
 appears on the vertical axis, scaled in dB. The decibel conversion is 
 calculated according to dB Mag(C) = 20 * log(|C|) dB. &nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> dB Mag is the default 
 format for the complex, dimensionless S-parameters. The dB-scale is the 
 natural scale for measurements related to power ratios (insertion loss, 
 gain etc.). </p>

<p class=Dropdownline><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ff0000;"><font color=red ><B><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10"></B></font></span><span class=dropspot><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a55" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Alternative 
 Formats</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a55');
//--></script></span></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP162713174" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p><span class=dropspot>The magnitude of each complex quantity can be displayed 
 on a <a href="#Lin_Mag"
		id=a36
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">linear 
 scale</a>. 
 It is possible to view the <a href="#Real"
								id=a37
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">real</a> 
 and <a href="#Imag"
		id=a38
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">imaginary</a> 
 parts instead of the magnitude and <a href="#Phase"
										id=a39
										style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">phase</a>. 
 </span><span class=dropspot>Both the magnitude and phase are displayed 
 in the <a href="#Polar"
			id=a19
			style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">polar</a> 
 diagram.</span></p>
</div><table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a12
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a12');
//--></script> 
 MLOGarithmic &nbsp;&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><a name=Phase></a> Phase</h4>

<p>Selects a Cartesian diagram with a linear vertical axis to display the 
 phase of a complex measured quantity in the range between &#8211;180 
 degrees and +180 degrees.</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The stimulus variable 
 appears on the horizontal axis, scaled linearly. The phase of the complex 
 quantity C, i.e. <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">f</span> (C) 
 = arctan ( Im(C) / Re(C) ), appears on the vertical axis. <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">f</span> 
 (C) is measured relative to the phase at the <a href="../../Channel/Stimulus/Channel_Stimulus.htm" id="a2" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">start</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a2');
//--></script> 
 of the sweep (reference phase = 0°). If <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">f</span> 
 (C) exceeds +180° the curve jumps by &#8211;360°; 
 if it falls below &#8211;180°, 
 the trace jumps by +360°. The result is a trace with a typical sawtooth 
 shape. The alternative <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Trace_Format.htm#Unwrapped_Phase"
															id=A79
															style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Phase 
 Unwrapped</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A79');
//--></script></I></span> 
 format avoids this behavior. </p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> Phase measurements, 
 e.g. phase distortion, deviation from linearity. </p>

<p class=Dropdownline><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ff0000;"><font color=red ><B><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10"></B></font></span><span class=dropspot><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a56" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Alternative 
 Formats:</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a56');
//--></script></span></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP155525185" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The magnitude of each complex quantity can be displayed on a <a href="#Lin_Mag"
	id=a40
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">linear 
 scale</a> 
 or on a <a href="#dB_Mag"
			id=a41
			style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">logarithmic 
 scale</a>. 
 It is possible to view the <a href="#Real"
								id=a42
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">real</a> 
 and <a href="#Imag"
		id=a43
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">imaginary</a> 
 parts instead of the magnitude and phase. <span class=dropspot>&nbsp;Both 
 the magnitude and phase are displayed in the <a href="#Polar"
												id=a20
												style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">polar</a> 
 diagram. </span>As an alternative to direct phase measurements, the analyzer 
 provides the derivative of the phase response for a frequency sweep (<a 
 href="#Delay"
	id=a80
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Delay</a>).</p>
</div><table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a23
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a9
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a23');
//--></script> 
 PHASe &nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=Smith></a></I></span> Smith</h4>

<p><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>S</I></span>elects a Smith chart to display 
 a complex quantity, primarily a reflection S-parameter.</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The <a href="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Display_Formats_and_Diagram_Types.htm#Smith_Chart" id="a3" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Smith 
 chart</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a3');
//--></script> 
 is a circular diagram obtained by mapping the positive complex semi-plane 
 into a unit circle. Points with the same resistance are located on circles, 
 points with the same reactance produce arcs. If the measured quantity 
 is a complex reflection coefficient (S<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">11</span>, 
 S<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">22</span> etc.), then the unit Smith 
 chart represents the normalized impedance. In contrast to the <a href="Trace_Format.htm#Polar"
	id=a4
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">polar 
 diagram</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a4');
//--></script>, 
 the scaling of the diagram is not linear. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> Reflection measurements, 
 see <a HREF="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Display_Formats_and_Diagram_Types.htm#Smith_Diagram_Example"
		id=A85
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">application 
 example</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A85');
//--></script>. 
 </p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10">The axis for the sweep variable is lost in Smith charts 
 but the marker functions easily provide the stimulus value of any measurement 
 point. dB values for the magnitude and other conversions can be obtained 
 by means of the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="../Marker/Marker.htm#Mkr_Format"
														id=a8
														style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Marker 
 Format</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a8');
//--></script></I></span> 
 functions.</p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a66
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a17
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a66');
//--></script> 
 SMITh &nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=Polar></a></I></span> Polar</h4>

<p>Selects a polar diagram to display a complex quantity, primarily an 
 S-parameter or ratio.</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The <a href="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Display_Formats_and_Diagram_Types.htm#Polar_Diagram" id="a14" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">polar 
 diagram</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a14');
//--></script> 
 shows the measured data (response values) in the complex plane with a 
 horizontal real axis and a vertical imaginary axis. The magnitude of a 
 complex value is determined by its distance from the center, its phase 
 is given by the angle from the positive horizontal axis. In contrast to 
 the <a href="Trace_Format.htm#Smith"
		id=a15
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Smith 
 chart</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a15');
//--></script>, 
 the scaling of the axes is linear.</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> Reflection or transmission 
 measurements, see <a HREF="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Display_Formats_and_Diagram_Types.htm#Polar_Diagram_Example"
						id=A83
						style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">application 
 example</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A83');
//--></script>. 
 </p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10">The axis for the sweep variable is lost in polar diagrams 
 but the marker functions easily provide the stimulus value of any measurement 
 point. dB values for the magnitude and other conversions can be obtained 
 by means of the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a HREF="../Marker/Marker.htm#Mkr_Format"
														id=A77
														style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Marker 
 Format</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A77');
//--></script></I></span> 
 functions.</p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a68
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a93
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a68');
//--></script> 
 POLar &nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=Delay></a></I></span> Delay</h4>

<p>Calculates the (group) delay from the measured quantity (primarily: 
 from a transmission S-parameter) and displays it in a Cartesian diagram. 
 </p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The group delay 
 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">t</span><span style="vertical-align: Sub;">g 
 </span>represents the propagation time of wave through a device. <span 
 style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">t</span><span style="vertical-align: Sub;">g</span> 
 is a real quantity and is calculated as the negative of the derivative 
 of its phase response. A non-dispersive DUT shows a linear phase response, 
 which produces a constant delay (a constant ratio of phase difference 
 to frequency difference). </p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs2"> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a5" style="font-style: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Mathematical 
 relations: Delay, Aperture, Electrical Length</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a5');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP166136030" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p class=Dropdowntext>The group delay is defined as:</p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Delay.gif" width="160px" height="43px" border="0" class="img_whs14"></p>
 <p>where</p>
 <p class=Figure><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">f</span><span 
 style="vertical-align: Sub;">rad/deg</span> = Phase response in radians 
 or degrees</p>
 <p class=Figure><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">w</span> = Frequency/angular 
 velocity in radians/s</p>
 <p class=Figure>f = Frequency in Hz</p>
 <p>In practice, the analyzer calculates an approximation to the derivative 
 of the phase response, taking a small frequency interval <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f 
 and determining the corresponding phase change <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">Df.</span> 
 The delay is thus computed as:</p>
 <p class=Figure>&nbsp;<img src="Delay_2.gif" width="125px" height="44px" border="0" class="img_whs15"></p>
 <p>The <a href="#Aperture"
			id=a91
			style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">aperture</a><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f must be adjusted to 
 the conditions of the measurement.</p>
 <p>If the delay is constant over the considered frequency range (non-dispersive 
 DUT, e.g. a cable), then <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">t</span><span 
 style="vertical-align: Sub;">g</span> and <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">t</span><span 
 style="vertical-align: Sub;">g,meas</span> are identical and </p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="El_Length.gif" width="245px" height="46px" border="0" class="img_whs16"></p>
 <p>where <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>t is the propagation 
 time of the wave across the DUT, which often can be expressed in terms 
 of its mechanical length L<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">mech</span>, 
 the permittivity <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">e</span>, and 
 the velocity of light c. The product of <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>L</I></span><span 
 style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: Sub;"><I>mech</I></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><I></I></span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: Super;"><I>.</I></span><span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I> sqrt(</I></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Symbol, serif;"><I>e</I></span><span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>)</I></span> is termed the electrical length of 
 the DUT and is always larger or equal than the mechanical length (<span 
 style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">e</span> &gt; 1 for all dielectrics 
 and <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">e</span> = 1 for the vacuum). 
 </p>
</div>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> Transmission measurements, 
 especially with the purpose of investigating deviations from linear phase 
 response and phase distortions. To obtain the delay a <a href="../../Channel/Sweep/Sweep_Type.htm#Lin_Frequency" id="a16" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">frequency 
 sweep</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a16');
//--></script> 
 must be active. </p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10"> The cables connecting the analyzer test ports to the 
 DUT introduce an unwanted delay, which often can be assumed to be constant. 
 Use the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="../Marker_Funct/Marker_Funct..htm#Zero_Delay"
												id=a78
												style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Zero 
 Delay at Marker</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a78');
//--></script> 
 </I></span>function, define a numeric length <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 HREF="../../Channel/Offset/Channel_-_Offset.htm"
	id=A88
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Offset</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A88');
//--></script></I></span> 
 or use the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a HREF="../../Channel/Offset/Channel_-_Offset.htm#Auto_Length"
												id=A90
												style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Auto 
 Length</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A90');
//--></script> 
 </I></span>function to mathematically compensate for this effect in the measurement 
 results. To compensate for a frequency-dependent delay in the test setup, 
 a <a HREF="../../Channel/Calibration/Channel_-_Calibration.htm"
		id=A89
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">system 
 error correction</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A89');
//--></script> 
 is required. </p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a69
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a94
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a69');
//--></script> 
 DELay &nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=Aperture></a></I></span> Aperture</h4>

<p>Sets a sets a delay aperture for the <a href="#Delay"
											id=a61
											style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">delay</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a61');
//--></script> 
 calculation. The aperture <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f 
 is entered as an integer number of <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Aperture 
 Steps:</I></span></p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Aperture_Steps.gif" width="389px" height="27px" border="0" class="img_whs17"></p>

<p class="whs18">The analyzer calculates the aperture from 
 the sweep points of the current <a href="../../Channel/Sweep/Sweep_Type.htm#Lin_Frequency" id="a62" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">frequency 
 sweep</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a62');
//--></script>. 
 </p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The delay at each 
 sweep point is computed as:</p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Delay_2.gif" width="125px" height="44px" border="0" class="img_whs15"></p>

<p>where the aperture <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f 
 is a finite frequency interval around the sweep point f<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">o</span> 
 and the analyzer measures the corresponding phase change <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">Df</span>. 
 </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Delay_Slope.gif" width="262px" height="341px" border="0" class="img_whs19"> </p>

<p>&nbsp;<img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs2"> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a67" style="font-style: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Calculation 
 of <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f and <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">Df</span></a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a67');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP155434763" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>With a given number of aperture steps n &nbsp;the 
 delay at sweep point no. m is calculated as follows:</p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs9">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>If &nbsp;n 
 is even (n = 2k), then <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f 
 (m) = f (n+k) &#8211; 
 f (n&#8211;k) 
 and <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">Df(</span>m<span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">)=</span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">Df</span> (n+k) &#8211;<span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">Df</span> (n&#8211;k). 
 &nbsp;</p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>If &nbsp;n 
 is odd (n = 2k+1), then <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f 
 (m) = f (n+k) &#8211; 
 f (n&#8211;k&#8211;1) and <span 
 style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">Df(</span>m<span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">)=</span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">Df</span> (n+k) &#8211;<span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">Df</span> (n&#8211;k&#8211;1). &nbsp;</p></li>
 </ul>
 <p class="whs20">It may be noted that the delay 
 calculation is based on the already measured sweep points and does not 
 slow down the measurement.</p>
 <p><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f is constant over 
 the entire sweep range, if the sweep type is a <a href="../../Channel/Sweep/Sweep_Type.htm#Lin_Frequency" id="a63" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Lin. 
 Frequency</a> 
 sweep. For <a href="../../Channel/Sweep/Sweep_Type.htm#Log_Frequency" id="a64" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Log. 
 Frequency</a> 
 and <a href="../../Channel/Sweep/Sweep_Type.htm#Segmented_Frequency" id="a65" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Segmented 
 Frequency</a> 
 sweeps, it varies with the sweep point number m. &nbsp;</p>
</div>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application</B></span> The aperture must 
 be adjusted to the conditions of the measurement. A small aperture increases 
 the noise in the group delay; a large aperture tends to minimize the noise 
 effects, but at the expense of frequency resolution. Phase perturbations 
 which are narrower in frequency than the aperture tend to be smeared over 
 and can not be measured. </p>

<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=SWR></a></I></span> SWR</h4>

<p>Calculates the Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) from the measured quantity 
 (primarily: from a reflection S-parameter) and displays it in a Cartesian 
 diagram. </p>

<p class=Linkline><span class=dropspot
						style="font-weight: bold;"><B>P</B></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>roperties:</B></span> 
 The SWR (or Voltage Standing Wave &nbsp;Ratio, 
 VSWR) is a measure of the power reflected at the input of the DUT. It 
 is calculated from the magnitude of the <a href="../Measure/Trace_-_Measure.htm#S-Parameters" id="a18" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">reflection 
 coefficients</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a18');
//--></script> 
 S<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">ii</span> (where i denotes the port 
 number of the DUT) according to:</p>

<p class=Figure><img src="SWR.gif" width="103px" height="42px" border="0" class="img_whs21"></p>

<p class=Linkline>The superposition of the incident and the reflected wave 
 on the transmission line connecting the analyzer and the DUT causes an 
 interference pattern with variable envelope voltage. The SWR is the ratio 
 of the maximum voltage to the minimum envelope voltage along the line. 
 </p>

<p>&nbsp;<img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs2"> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a7" style="font-style: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Interpretation 
 of the SWR</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a7');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP163772433" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The superposition of the incident wave I and the reflected wave R on 
 the transmission line connecting the analyzer and the DUT causes an interference 
 pattern with variable envelope voltage. The SWR is the ratio of the maximum 
 voltage to the minimum envelope voltage along the line:</p>
 <p>SWR = V<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">Max</span>/V<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">Min</span> 
 = (|V<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">I</span>| + |V<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">R</span>|) 
 / (|V<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">I</span>| &#8211; 
 |V<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">R</span>|) = (1 + |S<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">ii</span>|) 
 / (1 &#8211; 
 |S<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">ii</span>|)</p>
</div>
<p class=Linkline><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span><span 
 class=dropspot> Reflection measurements with conversion of the complex 
 S-parameter to a real SWR.</span></p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a70
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a95
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a70');
//--></script> 
 SWR&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=Lin_Mag></a></I></span> Lin Mag</h4>

<p><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>S</I></span>elects a Cartesian diagram 
 with a linear vertical axis scale to display the magnitude of the measured 
 quantity. </p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The stimulus variable 
 appears on the horizontal axis, scaled linearly. The magnitude of the 
 complex quantity C, i.e. |C| = sqrt ( Re(C)<span style="font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: Super;"><font size=1 style="font-size:6pt;">2</font></span> 
 + Im(C)<span style="font-size: 6pt; vertical-align: Super;"><font size=1 style="font-size:6pt;">2</font></span> ), 
 appears on the vertical axis, also scaled linearly. </p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> Real measurement 
 data (i.e. the Stability Factors, DC Input 1/2, and the PAE) are always 
 displayed in a Lin Mag diagram.</p>

<p class=Dropdownline><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ff0000;"><font color=red ><B><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10"></B></font></span><span style="color: #000000; x-text-underline: off; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: none; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><font color=black ><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a57" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Alternative 
 Formats</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a57');
//--></script></font></span></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP154948689" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The magnitude of each complex quantity can be displayed on a <a href="#dB_Mag"
	id=a44
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">logarithmic 
 scale</a>. 
 It is possible to view the <a href="#Real"
								id=a45
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">real</a> 
 and <a href="#Imag"
		id=a46
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">imaginary</a> 
 parts instead of the magnitude and <a href="#Phase"
										id=a47
										style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">phase</a>.</p>
</div><table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a71
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a96
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a71');
//--></script> 
 MLINear &nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=Real></a></I></span> Real</h4>

<p><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>S</I></span>elects a Cartesian diagram 
 to display the real part of a complex measured quantity. </p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The stimulus variable 
 appears on the horizontal axis, scaled linearly. The real part Re(C) of 
 the complex quantity C = Re(C) + j Im(C), appears on the vertical axis, 
 also scaled linearly. </p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> The real part of 
 an impedance corresponds to its resistive portion. &nbsp;</p>

<p class=Dropdownline><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ff0000;"><font color=red ><B><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10"></B></font></span><span style="color: #000000; x-text-underline: off; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: none; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><font color=black ><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a58" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Alternative 
 Formats</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a58');
//--></script></font></span></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP167044588" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>It is possible to view the magnitude and <a href="#Phase"
												id=a48
												style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">phase</a> 
 of a complex quantity instead of the real and imaginary part. The magnitude 
 can be displayed on a <a href="#Lin_Mag"
							id=a49
							style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">linear 
 scale</a> 
 or on a <a href="#dB_Mag"
			id=a50
			style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">logarithmic 
 scale</a>. 
 Both the real and imaginary parts are displayed in the <a href="#Polar"
															id=a84
															style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">polar</a> 
 diagram.</p>
</div><table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a72
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a97
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a72');
//--></script> 
 REAL &nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=Imag></a></I></span> Imag</h4>

<p><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>S</I></span>elects a Cartesian diagram 
 to display the imaginary part of a complex measured quantity.</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The stimulus variable 
 appears on the horizontal axis, scaled linearly. The imaginary part Im(C) 
 of the complex quantity C = Re(C) + j Im(C), appears on the vertical axis, 
 also scaled linearly. </p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> The imaginary part 
 of an impedance corresponds to its reactive portion. Positive (negative) 
 values represent inductive (capacitive) reactance. &nbsp;</p>

<p class=Dropdownline><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ff0000;"><font color=red ><B><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10"></B></font></span><span style="color: #000000; x-text-underline: off; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: none; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><font color=black ><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a59" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Alternative 
 Formats</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a59');
//--></script></font></span></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP163980333" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>It is possible to view the magnitude and <a href="#Phase"
												id=a51
												style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">phase</a> 
 of a complex quantity instead of the real and imaginary part. The magnitude 
 can be displayed on a <a href="#Lin_Mag"
							id=a52
							style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">linear 
 scale</a> 
 or on a <a href="#dB_Mag"
			id=a53
			style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">logarithmic 
 scale</a>. 
 Both the real and imaginary parts are displayed in the <a href="#Polar"
															id=a92
															style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">polar</a> 
 diagram.</p>
</div><table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a73
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a98
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a73');
//--></script> 
 IMAGinary &nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=Inverted_Smith></a></I></span> 
 Inverted Smith</h4>

<p><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>S</I></span>elects an inverted Smith chart 
 to display a complex quantity, primarily a reflection S-parameter.</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The <a href="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Display_Formats_and_Diagram_Types.htm#Inverted_Smith_Chart"
	id=a10
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Inverted 
 Smith chart</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a10');
//--></script> 
 is a circular diagram obtained by mapping the positive complex semi-plane 
 into a unit circle. If the measured quantity is a complex reflection coefficient 
 (S<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">11</span>, S<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">22</span> 
 etc.), then the unit Inverted Smith chart represents the normalized admittance. 
 In contrast to the <a href="Trace_Format.htm#Polar"
						id=a11
						style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">polar 
 diagram</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a11');
//--></script>, 
 the scaling of the diagram is not linear. &nbsp;</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> Reflection measurements, 
 see <a href="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Display_Formats_and_Diagram_Types.htm#Smith_Diagram_Example"
		id=a86
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">application 
 example</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a86');
//--></script>. 
 </p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10">The axis for the sweep variable is lost in Smith charts 
 but the marker functions easily provide the stimulus value of any measurement 
 point. dB values for the magnitude and other conversions can be obtained 
 by means of the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="../Marker/Marker.htm#Mkr_Format"
														id=a87
														style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Marker 
 Format</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a87');
//--></script></I></span> 
 functions.</p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a74
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a99
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a74');
//--></script> 
 ISMith </td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


<h4><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a name=Unwrapped_Phase></a></I></span> 
 Unwrapped Phase</h4>

<p><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>S</I></span>elects a Cartesian diagram 
 with an arbitrarily scaled linear vertical axis to display the phase of 
 the measured quantity.</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Properties:</B></span> The stimulus variable 
 appears on the horizontal axis, scaled linearly. The phase of the complex 
 quantity C, i.e. <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">f</span> (C) 
 = arctan ( Im(C) / Re(C) ), appears on the vertical axis. <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">f</span> 
 (C) is measured relative to the phase at the <a href="../../Channel/Stimulus/Channel_Stimulus.htm" id="a21" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">start</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a21');
//--></script> 
 of the sweep (reference phase = 0°). In contrast to the normal <a href="#Phase"
	id=a22
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Phase</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a22');
//--></script> 
 format, the display range is not limited to values between &#8211;180° 
 and +180°. This avoids artificial jumps of the trace but can entail &nbsp;a 
 relatively wide phase range if the sweep span is large. </p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B>Application:</B></span> Phase measurements, 
 e.g. phase distortion, deviation from linearity.</p>

<p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ff0000;"><font color=red ><B><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs10"> </B></font></span>After 
 changing to the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Unwrapped Phase </I></span>format, 
 use <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Trace &#8211; 
 Scale &#8211; 
 Autoscale</I></span> to re-scale the vertical axis and view the entire trace. 
 <span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ff0000;"><font color=red ><B>&nbsp;</B></font></span>&nbsp;</p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs3">

<tr valign="top" class="whs4">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs12">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs7">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
													id=a75
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;<a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FORMat.htm#FORMat"
	id=a100
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chn&gt;:FORMat</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a75');
//--></script> 
 UPHase<span style="color: #ff0000;"> <font color=red ></font></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs11">


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