### Network (De-)embedding

The Virtual Transform menu provides the functions for network embedding and deembedding. The following examples show how to use the functions.

Single port embedding

Single port deembedding

Balanced port embedding

Balanced port deembedding

#### To add a virtual transformation network to a single-ended port...

Suppose that your DUT is a 2-port DUT with single ended ports.

1. Connect the DUT to your analyzer: For a two-port measurement, connect the DUT between test ports 1 and 2 of the analyzer.

2. Establish the necessary Channel settings (port configuration, sweep range and type etc.) and select the measured quantities (Trace – Measure).

3. Click Channel – Mode – Virtual Transform – Single Port Embedding to open the Single Port Embedding... dialog.

4. In the dialog, select the Physical Port to which you want to add a virtual transformation network (e.g. Physical Port 1) and do one of the following:

5. If you wish to define the added network by an imported set of 2-port S-parameters, select the 2-Port transformation network, click Read Data From File, and load the parameters from a 2-port (*.s2p) Touchstone file.

6. If you wish to define the added network by an equivalent circuit, select the circuit type and adjust the parameters R, C, and L displayed in the right half of the dialog.

7. Click Embed DUT and Close the dialog.

The traces of the active channel show the characteristics of the DUT including the virtual transformation network inserted between port 1 of the analyzer and the DUT.

You can also assign two-port networks to balanced ports; see Combination of 2-Port and 4-Port (De-)Embedding Networks
.

#### To remove a real transformation network from a single-ended port...

Suppose that your 2-port DUT has a real, known 2-port transformation network at port 1.

1. Connect the DUT (including the transformation network) between test ports 1 and 2 of the analyzer so that the transformation network is placed between port 1 of the analyzer and the DUT.

2. Establish the necessary Channel settings (port configuration, sweep range and type etc.) and select the measured quantities (Trace – Measure).

3. Click Channel – Mode – Virtual Transform – Single Port Deembedding to open the Single Port Deembedding... dialog.

4. In the dialog, select the Physical Port connected to the physical transformation network (e.g. Physical Port 1) and do one of the following:

5. If your transformation network is described by an imported set of 2-port S-parameters, select the 2-Port transformation network, click Read Data From File, and load the data from a 2-port (*.s2p) Touchstone file.

6. If your transformation network can be described by an equivalent circuit, select the circuit type and adjust the parameters R, C, and L displayed in the right half of the dialog.

7. Click Deembed DUT and Close the dialog.

The traces of the active channel show the characteristics of the DUT without the effects of the removed physical transformation network.

You can also assign two-port networks to balanced ports; see Combination of 2-Port and 4-Port (De-)Embedding Networks
.

#### To add a virtual transformation network to a balanced port...

Suppose that your DUT has a single-ended and a balanced port and that you want to add a virtual 4-port network to the balanced port.

1. Connect ports 1 and 3 of a 3- or 4-port analyzer to the balanced ports of the DUT, connect port 2 to the single ended port of the DUT.

2. Click Channel – Mode – Port Config... – Balanced and Measured Ports... Predefined Configs and define the appropriate balanced port configuration (see also Balanced Measurement Examples
   ), combining ports 1 and 3 of the analyzer to logical port no. 1.

3. Establish the necessary Channel settings (sweep range and type etc.) and select the measured quantities (Trace – Measure).

4. Click Channel – Mode – Virtual Transform – Balanced Port Embedding to open the Balanced Port Embedding... dialog.

In the dialog, the Logical Port no. 1 (the only balanced port) is already selected. To add a virtual network, do one of the following:

5. If you wish to define the added network by an imported set of 4-port S-parameters, select the 4-Port transformation network, click Read Data From File, and load the parameters from a 4-port (*.s4p) Touchstone file.

6. If you wish to define the added network by an equivalent circuit, select the circuit type and adjust the parameters R, C, and L displayed in the right half of the dialog.

7. If you wish to use a combination of 2-port S-parameters and lumped circuit elements, select the appropriate Serial 2-Port.. transformation network, import the 2-port files for each of the physical ports 1 and 3, and adjust the remaining R, C, and L parameters.

8. Click Embed DUT and Close the dialog.

The traces of the active channel show the characteristics of the DUT including the virtual transformation network inserted between the logical port 1 of the analyzer and the balanced DUT port.

#### To remove a real transformation network from a balanced port...

Suppose that your DUT has a single-ended and a balanced port and a real, known 4-port transformation network at the balanced port.

1. Connect the DUT (including the transformation network) to your 3- or 4-port analyzer: Connect ports 1 and 3 of the analyzer to the outer connectors of the transformation network, connect port 2 to the single ended port of the DUT.

2. Click Channel – Mode – Port Config... – Balanced and Measured Ports... Predefined Configs and define the appropriate balanced port configuration (see also Balanced Measurement Examples
   ), combining ports 1 and 3 of the analyzer to logical port no. 1.

3. Establish the necessary Channel settings (sweep range and type etc.) and select the measured quantities (Trace – Measure).

4. Click Channel – Mode – Virtual Transform – Balanced Port Deembedding to open the Balanced Port Deembedding... dialog.

In the dialog, the Logical Port no. 1 (the only balanced port) is already selected. To virtually remove the physical network, do one of the following:

5. If you wish to describe the network by an imported set of 4-port S-parameters, select the 4-Port transformation network, click Read Data From File, and load the parameters from a 4-port (*.s4p) Touchstone file.

6. If you wish to describe the network by an equivalent circuit, select the circuit type and adjust the parameters R, C, and L displayed in the right half of the dialog.

7. If you wish to use a combination of 2-port S-parameters and lumped circuit elements, select the appropriate Serial 2-Port.. transformation network, import the 2-port files, and adjust the remaining R, C, and L parameters.

8. Click Deembed DUT and Close the dialog.

The traces of the active channel show the characteristics of the DUT without the effects of the removed physical transformation network.