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<h3>Power Bandwidth Average &nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onClick="var e; if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion)>=4){e=event;}  if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) >=2 && typeof(PopupMenu_Invoke) == 'function') PopupMenu_Invoke(e,'','Data Flow','../../../System_Overview/Analyzer_Model/Copy_of_Basic_Concepts.htm','Refined port configuration','../Mode/Channel_Mode.htm');return false;" title="Related Topics"><img src="../../../ss_btn_related_topics1.gif" border=0 height=17 width=82 alt="Related Topics"></a>

 </h3>

<p>The <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Power Bandwidth Average</I></span> 
 menu<span style="font-style: italic;"> <I></I></span>defines the power of the 
 internal signal source, sets the step attenuators and the IF bandwidths, 
 and configures the sweep average. </p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs1">

<tr valign="top" class="whs2">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs3">
<p><img src="Power_Bw_Avg_key.gif" width="133px" height="126px" border="0" class="img_whs4"></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs5">
<p class=Figure><span 
 style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"><img src="Power_Bandwidth_Average_menu.gif" width="318px" height="195px" border="0" class="img_whs6"></span></td></tr>
</table>

<ul type="disc" class="whs7">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Power"
	id=a3
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Power</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a3');
//--></script></I></span> 
 defines the power of the internal signal source. </p></li>
	
	<li style="x-condition: ZVA_only; /*begin!kadov{{*/ x-condition: ZVA_only; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List
								style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Step_Attenuators"
	id=A2
	style="position: relative; x-condition: ZVA_only;">Receiver Step Atten...</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A2');
//--></script></I></span> 
 sets the attenuation for all received waves. The generator attenuation 
 is set automatically. </p></li>
	
	<li style="x-condition: ZVA_only; /*begin!kadov{{*/ x-condition: ZVA_only; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List
								style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="#Step_Atten_b2"
	id=A7
	style="position: relative; x-condition: ZVA_only;">Step Atten. b2..</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A7');
//--></script></I></span>.sets 
 the attenuation for the received wave b2. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>RF 
 Off</I></span> switches the internal power source on (if checked) or off. 
 Switching off the RF power helps to prevent overheating of a connected 
 DUT while not measurement results are taken. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Power_Bandwidth_Average.htm#Meas_Bandwidth"
	id=A8
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Meas. 
 Bandwidth</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A8');
//--></script></I></span> 
 selects the bandwidth of the IF measurement filter. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Average 
 On</I></span> activates or de-activates the sweep average. With average on 
 the measurement results are averaged over a selected number of consecutive 
 sweeps (Average Factor). </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Power_Bandwidth_Average.htm#Average_Factor"
	id=A11
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Average 
 Factor</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A11');
//--></script></I></span> 
 defines the number of consecutive sweeps to be averaged. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Restart 
 Average</I></span> starts a new average cycle, clearing all previous results 
 and thus eliminating their effect on the new cycle. The new cycle is started 
 as fast as possible; an ongoing sweep is terminated immediately. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p></li>
</ul>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs1">

<tr valign="top" class="whs2">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs3">
<p class="whs8">Remote control<br>
(for RF off and averaging):</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs9"><a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/DIAGnostic/DIAGnostic.htm#RFPower"
													id=A40
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">DIAGnostic:SERVice:RFPower</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A40');
//--></script><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_Ch___AVERage.htm#State" id="a33" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]AVERage[:STATe] ON | OFF</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a33');
//--></script><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_Ch___AVERage.htm#Count" id="a34" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]AVERage:COUNt</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a34');
//--></script><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_Ch___AVERage.htm#CLEar" id="a36" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]AVERage:CLEar</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a36');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs10">


<h4><a name=Power></a>Power</h4>

<p>Opens the numeric entry bar to set the power of the internal signal 
 source (channel power). </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Power.gif" width="387px" height="24px" border="0" class="img_whs11"></p>

<p>The channel power determines the output power at the test ports if a 
 <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Frequency Sweep </I></span>or a <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Time 
 Sweep </I></span>is active; see info below. The setting has no effect in <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>Power Sweep </I></span>mode, where the source 
 power is varied over a continuous range<span style="font-style: italic;"><I>.</I></span> 
 </p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs12"> The selected channel power applies to all source ports 
 used in the active channel. Use the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 HREF="../Mode/Channel_Mode.htm#Port_Configuration"
	id=A32
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Port 
 Configuration</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A32');
//--></script></I></span> 
 dialog to modify the output power ranges for the individual analyzer ports. 
 &nbsp;</p>

<p class=Dropdownline><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs13"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a1" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 class=dropspot>Output power at the test ports</span></a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a1');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP172081752" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Power</I></span> sets the output power 
 at the test port that supplies the stimulus for the active channel. The 
 channel power can be varied over a wide dynamic range. This leaves enough 
 flexibility to include an attenuation or gain in the test setup.<span 
 style="color: #ff0000;"><font color=red ></font></span></p>
 <p>The channel power can be modified by the following settings: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs7">
  <li style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"
		class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List
								style="x-condition: ZVA_only;">Generator 
 <a href="Power_Bandwidth_Average.htm#Step_Attenuators"
	id=a4
	style="x-condition: ZVA_only; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">step 
 attenuators</a> 
 decrease the output power by a definite factor a<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">step</span>. 
 a<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">step</span> can be set individually 
 for all test ports but does not change during a sweep. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The <a href="../Mode/Channel_Mode.htm#Receiver"
												id=a37
												style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 style="font-style: normal;">Receiver</span></a> 
 section of the<span style="font-style: italic;"><I> Port Configuration</I></span> 
 dialog provides a port-specific constant power offset (for arbitrary sweeps) 
 and a port and frequency-dependent power slope factor (for frequency sweeps). 
 </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>A generator (source) <a HREF="../Calibration/Power_Calibration.htm"
	id=a41
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">power 
 calibration</a> 
 generally modifies the channel power so that <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Power</I></span> 
 is equal to the power at the calibrated reference plane. </p></li>
 </ul>
</div><table x-use-null-cells class="whs1">

<tr valign="top" class="whs2">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs3">
<p class="whs8">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs9"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SOURce/SOURce_Ch__POWer__LEVel_.htm#POWer_LEVel"
													id=a18
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">SOURce&lt;Ch&gt;:POWer[:LEVel][:IMMediate][:AMPlitude]</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a18');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs10">


<h4 class="whs14"><a name=Step_Attenuators></a>Receiver 
 Step Attenuators</h4>

<p class="whs15">Opens a dialog to set the attenuation 
 for the received waves. The generator attenuation is set automatically; 
 see <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Power_Bandwidth_Average.htm#Automatic_generator_attenuation"
											id=A42
											style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Automatic 
 generator attenuation</a><script type="text/javascript"
														language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A42');
//--></script></I></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>.</I></span> 
 </p>

<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: ZVA_only, Webhelp_Print;"><img src="Step_Attenuators_dialog.jpg" width="212px" height="184px" border="0" class="img_whs16"></p>

<p class="whs15">The Step Attenuators dialog consists 
 of a non-editable column listing the received waves b1 to bn <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Port 
 #)</I></span> and a column to enter the attenuation for each wave <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Attenuation)</I></span>. 
 n is equal to the total number of test ports of the analyzer. Attenuation 
 factors can be entered for ports only where a receiver step attenuator 
 is installed. </p>

<p class=Dropdownline
	style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"><a name=Step_attenuator_options></a><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs13"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a47" style="x-condition: ZVA_only; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Receiver 
 and generator step attenuators</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a47');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP169545190" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p class=List>Receiver and generator step attenuators can be purchased 
 as ZVA options. The following attenuators are available: </p>
 <table x-use-null-cells cellspacing="0" width="100%" class="whs17"><script language='JavaScript'><!--
if ((navigator.appName == "Netscape") && (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) == 4)) document.write("</table><table x-use-null-cells cellspacing='0' width='100%' border='1' bordercolor='black' bordercolorlight='black' bordercolordark='black'>");
//--></script>
  <col class="whs18">
  <col class="whs18">
  <col class="whs18">
  <col class="whs18">
  <col class="whs18">
  <tr valign="top" class="whs2">
  <td width="20%" class="whs19">
  <p class=Tabcmu1>&nbsp;</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs20">
  <p class=Tabcmu1>Port 1</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs20">
  <p class=Tabcmu1>Port 2</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs20">
  <p class=Tabcmu1>Port 3</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs20">
  <p class=Tabcmu1>Port 4</td></tr>
  <tr valign="top" class="whs2">
  <td width="20%" class="whs21">
  <p class=Tabcmu1
	style="margin-top: 6pt;">ZVA8, generator</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA8-B21</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA8-B22</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA8-B23</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA8-B24</td></tr>
  <tr valign="top" class="whs2">
  <td width="20%" class="whs21">
  <p class=Tabcmu1
	style="margin-top: 6pt;">ZVA8, receiver</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA8-B31</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA8-B32</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA8-B33</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA8-B34</td></tr>
  <tr valign="top" class="whs2">
  <td width="20%" class="whs21">
  <p class=Tabcmu1
	style="margin-top: 6pt;">ZVA24, generator</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA24-B21</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA24-B22</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA24-B23</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA24-B24</td></tr>
  <tr valign="top" class="whs2">
  <td width="20%" class="whs21">
  <p class=Tabcmu1
	style="margin-top: 6pt;">ZVA24, receiver</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA24-B31</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA24-B32</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA24-B33</td>
  <td width="20%" class="whs22">
  <p>ZVA24-B34</td></tr><script language='JavaScript'><!--
if ((navigator.appName == "Netscape") && (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) == 4)) document.write("</table></table><table>");
//--></script>
 </table>
 <p class=List>Refer to the data sheet for detailed ordering information 
 and technical specifications. </p>
</div>
<p class="whs15">Attenuation factors for the received 
 waves and the generated waves serve different purposes: </p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs23">
	
	<li style="x-condition: ZVA_only; /*begin!kadov{{*/ x-condition: ZVA_only; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List
								style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a class="expandspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a12" style="x-condition: ZVA_only; position: relative;">Received wave factors</a><span class=expandtext style="display: 'none';" id=POPUP168298811 >   are used to adjust the received signal levels to the input 
 level range of the analyzer in order to avoid damage to the instrument, 
 e.g. if the DUT is a power amplifier<span style="font-style: italic;"><I>.</I></span> 
 The range of attenuation values depends on the analyzer model. <br><br>Port-specific attenuation factors can be set in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 HREF="../Mode/Channel_Mode.htm#Receiver"
	id=a45
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Receiver</a></I></span>section of the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Port Configuration 
 </I></span><span>dialog</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>. </I></span></span><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a12');
//--></script> 
 </I></span></p></li>
	
	<li style="x-condition: ZVA_only; /*begin!kadov{{*/ x-condition: ZVA_only; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List
								style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"><a class="expandspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a17" style="x-condition: ZVA_only; position: relative;">Generated wave factors</a><span class=expandtext style="display: 'none';" id=POPUP172704924 >   are used to protect a sensitive DUT from excess input levels<span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>.</I></span> The attenuation values are set automatically. 
 The range of values depends on the analyzer model. <br><br>Port-specific attenuation factors can be set in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 HREF="../Mode/Channel_Mode.htm#Source"
	id=a38
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Source</a></I></span>section of the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Port Configuration 
 </I></span>dialog<span style="font-style: italic;"><I>. </I></span></span><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a17');
//--></script> 
 </p></li>
</ul>

<p class=Dropdownline
	style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"><a name=Automatic_generator_attenuation></a><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs24"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a29" style="x-condition: ZVA_only; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 class=dropspot>Automatic generator attenuation</span></a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a29');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP173041550" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The aim of the automatic<span style="font-style: italic;"><I></I></span>attenuator<span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I></I></span>setting is to ensure that the analyzer 
 can perform the entire sweep without switching the generator step attenuators. 
 The output power p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">el</span> at each 
 port depends on the following settings: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs7">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The channel power p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">ch</span> 
 (the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Power_Bandwidth_Average.htm#Power"
											id=a19
											style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Power</a></I></span>set in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Channel </I></span>&#8211;<span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Power 
 Bandwidth Average </I></span>menu). </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The port-specific power offset 
 p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">b</span> (for arbitrary sweeps) and 
 the port and frequency-dependent power slope factor p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">Slope</span> 
 (for frequency sweeps) defined in the <a href="../Mode/Channel_Mode.htm#Receiver"
											id=a21
											style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 style="font-style: normal;">Receiver</span></a> 
 section of the<span style="font-style: italic;"><I> Port Configuration</I></span> 
 dialog. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>A port and stimulus-dependent 
 correction factor p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">corr</span> introduced 
 by a generator (source) <a href="../Calibration/Power_Calibration.htm"
							id=a46
							style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">power 
 calibration</a>. 
 </p></li>
 </ul>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs7">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The port-specific generator step 
 attenuator setting a<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">step</span>. </p></li>
 </ul>
 <p>If everything is expressed in dB units, the output power p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">el</span> 
 at each port must be equal to the sum of the channel power and all port 
 and stimulus-dependent correction factors: </p>
 <p class=Figure>p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">el</span> = p<span 
 style="vertical-align: Sub;">ch</span> + p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">b</span> 
 + p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">Slope</span> + p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">corr</span> 
 + a<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">step</span></p>
 <p class=List>The automatic attenuator setting algorithm selects a<span 
 style="vertical-align: Sub;">step</span> such that the variation range 
 for p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">el</span> is sufficient to account 
 for the stimulus-dependent variations of p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">b</span> 
 and p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">Slope</span>, and p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">corr</span><span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>.</I></span> If this is not possible in a particular 
 subrange of the sweep (e.g. because the sweep settings are such that an 
 excess variation range for p<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">el</span> 
 or a negative attenuation factor a<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">step</span> 
 would be required) then the analyzer generates an error message. </p>
</div>
<p class="whs15">The position and function of the step 
 attenuators is illustrated in the following figure. The analyzer measures 
 both the attenuated generated waves and the attenuated waves received 
 from the DUT. &nbsp;</p>

<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"><img src="Step_Attenuator_diag.gif" width="197px" height="255px" border="0" class="img_whs25"></p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs26">

<tr valign="top" class="whs2">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs27">
<p class="whs8">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs28">
<p class="whs29"><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/INPut/INPut.htm#ATTenuation"
	id=a23
	style="x-condition: ZVA_only; position: relative;">INPut&lt;Pt&gt;:ATTenuation</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a23');
//--></script><a 
 HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_POWer.htm#ATTenuation"
	id=A6
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]POWer:ATTenuation ARECeiver | BRECeiver | CRECeiver | 
 DRECeiver, &lt;attenuation&gt;</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs30">


<h4 class="whs14"><a name=Step_Atten_b2></a>Step Atten. 
 b2</h4>

<p class="whs15">Opens the numeric entry bar &nbsp;to 
 set the attenuation for the received wave b2. This function is available 
 only if a <a href="Power_Bandwidth_Average.htm#Step_attenuator_options"
				id=A43
				style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">receiver 
 step attenuator</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A43');
//--></script> 
 is installed at port 2. </p>

<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: ZVA_only;"><img src="Step_att_b2.gif" width="384px" height="25px" border="0" class="img_whs31"></p>

<p class="whs15">The attenuation is used to adjust the 
 received signal level at port 2 to the input level range of the analyzer 
 in order to avoid damage to the instrument, e.g. if the DUT is a power 
 amplifier<span style="font-style: italic;"><I>.</I></span> The range of values 
 depends on the analyzer model. </p>

<p class="whs15">Using a single step attenuation b2 corresponds 
 to a standard test setup with 0 dB generator attenuation and attenuation 
 of the (amplified) wave received at test port 2. The attenuation factors 
 for all received and generated waves can be set via <a href="#Step_Attenuators"
														id=a9
														style="x-condition: ZVA_only; position: relative;">Step 
 Attenuators</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a9');
//--></script>. 
 </p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs26">

<tr valign="top" class="whs2">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs27">
<p class="whs8">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs28">
<p class="whs32"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/INPut/INPut.htm#ATTenuation"
										id=a26
										style="x-condition: ZVA_only; position: relative;">INPut&lt;Pt&gt;:ATTenuation</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a26');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_POWer.htm#ATTenuation"
	id=a27
	style="position: relative; x-condition: ZVA_only;"><br>
[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]POWer:ATTenuation ARECeiver | BRECeiver | CRECeiver | 
 DRECeiver, &lt;attenuation&gt;</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs30">


<h4><a name=Meas_Bandwidth></a> Meas. Bandwidth</h4>

<p>Sets the measurement bandwidth of the IF filter. <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Step 
 Atten. b2 </I></span>opens a submenu (and displays a range of softkeys) to 
 directly select bandwidths between 10 Hz and 1 MHz: </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Meas_Bandwidth.gif" width="413px" height="237px" border="0" class="img_whs33"></p>

<p><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Fine Adjust... </I></span>opens <span style="x-condition: ZVA_T;">a 
 dialog </span>to modify the selected measurement bandwidth and the selectivity 
 of the IF filter.<span style="font-style: italic;"> <I></I></span></p>

<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: Webhelp_Print, ZVA_T;"><img src="Bandwidth_Fine_Adjust.jpg" width="268px" height="137px" border="0" class="img_whs34"></p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs7">
	
	<li style="x-condition: ZVA_T;"
		class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Bandwidth 
 </I></span>shows the last IF filter bandwidth selected. The arrow buttons 
 increment and decrement the bandwidth in 1-2-5 steps for each decade. 
 Entered values between the steps will be rounded up, values exceeding 
 the maximum bandwidth rounded down. </p></li>
	
	<li style="x-condition: ZVA_T;"
		class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Selectivity 
 </I></span>selects between two types of IF filters: Filters with <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Normal</I></span> 
 selectivity and short settling time, and filters with <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>High 
 </I></span>selectivity but larger settling time. </p></li>
</ul>

<p>The selected bandwidth and selectivity applies to all filters used in 
 the current channel. This makes sense because the measurement speed is 
 limited by the slowest filter in the channel. In <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Segmented 
 Frequency </I></span>sweeps, the bandwidth and selectivity can be set independently 
 for each segment; see <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="../Sweep/Define_Segments.htm"
															id=a30
															style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Define 
 Segments</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a30');
//--></script></I></span>. 
 </p>

<p class=Dropdownline
	style="x-condition: ZVA_T;"><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs12"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a10" style="position: relative;"><span 
 class=dropspot
	style="x-condition: ZVA_T;"> Optimizing the filter settings</span></a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a10');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP172220470" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p class=Dropdowntext>A high selectivity and a small filter bandwidth both 
 suppress the noise level around the measurement frequency and thus increase 
 the dynamic range. On the other hand the time needed to acquire a single 
 measurement point increases for small filter bandwidths and high selectivity. 
 For small bandwidths, the filter settling time, which is inversely proportional 
 to the bandwidth, is responsible for the predominant part of the measurement 
 time. &nbsp;</p>
 <p class=Dropdowntext>The characteristics of the high selectivity filter 
 makes it particularly suitable for isolating unexpected spurious responses 
 or known mixer products. </p>
</div>
<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs35"></span> 
 &nbsp;<a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Optimization/Optimizing_the_Measurement_Speed.htm#Noise_reduction" id="a22" style="x-condition: OLH; position: relative;">Optimizing 
 the measurement speed</a><script type="text/javascript"
														language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a22');
//--></script></p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs1">

<tr valign="top" class="whs2">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs3">
<p class="whs8">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs9"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_Ch___BANDwidth.htm#Bandwidth" id="a16" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]<span 
 class=dropspot>BANDwidth|BWIDth</span>[:RESolution]</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a16');
//--></script><span 
 style="x-condition: ZVA_T;"><a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_SEGMent.htm#SELectivity"
								id=A44
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]</span><span class=dropspot
								style="x-condition: ZVA_T;">BANDwidth|BWIDth</span><span 
 style="x-condition: ZVA_T;">[:RESolution]:SELect</span></a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs10">


<h4><a name=Average_Factor></a> Average Factor</h4>

<p>Opens the numeric entry bar to define the number of consecutive sweeps 
 to be averaged. </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Average_Factor.gif" width="388px" height="23px" border="0" class="img_whs36"></p>

<p>An average over several sweeps reduces the influence of random effects 
 in the measurement and therefore minimizes the noise level. The effect 
 increases with the average factor, however, obtaining an averaged result 
 requires several sweeps and therefore increases the measurement time. 
 </p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/note.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs37"> The average factor is also valid for calibration sweeps: 
 The calculation of system correction data is based on the averaged trace. 
 &nbsp;</p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/tips.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs12"> <a HREF="../../Trace/Trace_Funct/Trace_Eval.htm#Smoothing_On"
					id=A28
					style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Smoothing</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A28');
//--></script> 
 is an alternative method of compensating for random effects on the trace 
 by averaging adjacent measurement points. Compared to the sweep average, 
 smoothing does not significantly increase the measurement time but can 
 eliminate narrow peaks and thus produce misleading results. </p>

<p>The sweep average is not frequency selective. To eliminate a spurious 
 signal in the vicinity of the measurement frequency, alternative techniques 
 (e.g. a smaller filter <a href="Power_Bandwidth_Average.htm#Meas_Bandwidth"
							id=A35
							style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">bandwidth</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A35');
//--></script>) 
 must be used. </p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs13"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a13" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 class=dropspot
	style="font-style: normal;">Calculation of sweep average</span></a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a13');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP172671023" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The average trace is obtained as follows: </p>
 <p>Let c be the Average Factor and assume that n sweeps have been measured 
 since the start of the average cycle (start of the measurement or <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>Restart Average)</I></span>. The following two 
 situations are distinguished: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs7">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>n &lt; c: At each sweep point, 
 the average trace no. n is calculated from the average trace no. n – 1 
 and the current trace no. n according to the following recurrence: </p></li>
 </ul>
 <p class="whs38"><img src="Average_Formula2.gif" width="294px" height="33px" border="0" class="img_whs39"></p>
 <p class="whs38">The average trace represents the arithmetic 
 mean value over all n bursts measured.</p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs7">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>n &gt; c: At each sweep point, 
 the average trace no. n is calculated from the average trace no. n – 1 
 and the current trace no. n according to: </p></li>
 </ul>
 <p class="whs38"><img src="Average_Formula1.gif" width="266px" height="33px" border="0" class="img_whs40"></p>
 <p class="whs38">The formulas hold for Average Factor n = 
 1 where the average trace becomes equal to the current trace. </p>
</div>
<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs35"></span> 
 &nbsp;<a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Optimization/Optimizing_the_Measurement_Speed.htm#Noise_reduction" id="a14" style="x-condition: OLH; position: relative;">Optimizing 
 the measurement speed</a><script type="text/javascript"
														language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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<table x-use-null-cells class="whs1">

<tr valign="top" class="whs2">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs3">
<p class="whs8">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs5">
<p class="whs9"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_Ch___AVERage.htm#State" id="a15" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]AVERage[:STATe] 
 ON | OFF</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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//--></script><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_Ch___AVERage.htm#Count" id="a5" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]AVERage:COUNt</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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//--></script><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_Ch___AVERage.htm#CLEar" id="a39" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]AVERage:CLEar</a><script type="text/javascript"
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