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<h4>Transform &nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onClick="var e; if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion)>=4){e=event;}  if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) >=2 && typeof(PopupMenu_Invoke) == 'function') PopupMenu_Invoke(e,'','Data Flow','../../../System_Overview/Analyzer_Model/Copy_of_Basic_Concepts.htm','Measured Quantities','../Measure/Trace_-_Measure.htm','Trace - Format','../Format/Trace_Format.htm','Trace Funct','Trace_Funct.htm','Trace Statistics (Meas. Examples)','../../../Measurement_Examples/Trace_Evaluation/Trace_Statistics.htm');return false;" title="Related Topics"><img src="../../../ss_btn_related_topics.gif" border=0 height=20 width=96 alt="Related Topics"></a>


 </h4>

<p>Opens a submenu to view the measurement results as a function of time. 
 The time domain transformation is enabled if option ZVAB-K2, <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Time 
 Domain, </I></span>is available<span style="font-style: italic;"><I>. </I></span>&nbsp;</p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a29" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Time 
 domain transformation</a><script type="text/javascript"
														language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a29');
//--></script> 
 </p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP170303186" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The network analyzer measures and displays complex S-parameters and 
 other quantities as a function of the frequency. The measurement results 
 can be filtered and mathematically transformed in order to obtain the 
 time domain representation, which often gives a clearer insight into the 
 characteristics of the DUT. &nbsp;</p>
 <p>Time domain transforms can be calculated in band pass or low pass mode. 
 For the latter the analyzer offers the impulse and step response as two 
 alternative transformation types. A wide selection of windows can be used 
 to optimize the time domain response and suppress sidelobes due to the 
 finite sweep range. Moreover, it is possible to eliminate unwanted responses 
 by means of a time gate and transform the gated result back into the frequency 
 domain. </p>
 <p>For a detailed discussion of the time domain transformation including 
 many examples refer to the application note 1EZ44_OE which is posted on 
 the R&amp;S internet. </p>
</div>
<p class=Figure
	style="color: #ff0000;"><img src="../Marker_Funct/Transform_menu.gif" width="420px" height="393px" border="0" class="img_whs2"></p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Transform.htm#Frequency_Domain"
	id=A10
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Frequency 
 Domain</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A10');
//--></script></I></span> 
 and <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Transform.htm#Time_Domain"
											id=A14
											style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Time 
 Domain</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A14');
//--></script></I></span> 
 select frequency domain or time domain representation of the active trace<span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>. </I></span></p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Transform.htm#Time_Domain_Stimulus_Axis"
	id=A16
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Time 
 Domain Stimulus Axis</a><script type="text/javascript"
													language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A16');
//--></script></I></span> 
 opens a submenu to define the stimulus axis range for the time domain 
 representation. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Transform.htm#Define_Transform"
	id=A18
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Define 
 Transform</I></span>...</a><script type="text/javascript"
													language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A18');
//--></script> 
 opens a dialog to define the transformation type and the frequency domain 
 window used to optimize the time domain response. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Transform.htm#Time_Gate"
	id=A19
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Time 
 Gate</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A19');
//--></script></I></span> 
 switches the time gate defined with <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Define 
 Time Gate...</I></span> on or off. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Transform.htm#Define_Time_Gate"
	id=A20
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Define 
 Time Gate</I></span>...</a><script type="text/javascript"
													language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A20');
//--></script> 
 opens a dialog to select the time gate and define its parameters. </p></li>
</ul>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Frequency_Domain></a>Frequency Domain</h5>

<p>Selects the frequency domain representation for the active trace. The 
 softkey is enabled if option ZVAB-K2, <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Time 
 Domain, </I></span>is available, and if a linear frequency sweep <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Channel 
 &#8211; Sweep 
 &#8211; Sweep 
 Type &#8211; 
 Lin.</I></span> <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Frequency)</I></span> is active. 
 </p>

<p>In frequency domain representation the diagram shows the measured trace 
 as a function of the stimulus frequency applied to the DUT. The trace 
 corresponds to the results obtained during the frequency sweep, however, 
 the effect of a time gate is taken into account as long as the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Transform.htm#Time_Gate"
	id=A47
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Time 
 Gate</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A47');
//--></script></I></span> 
 function is active. The x-axis corresponds to the sweep range (stimulus 
 range) selected via <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Channel </I></span>&#8211;<span style="font-style: italic;"> 
 <I><a HREF="../../Channel/Stimulus/Channel_Stimulus.htm"
	id=A3
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Stimulus</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A3');
//--></script></I></span>. 
 &nbsp;</p>

<p class=Beftext><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"></span> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a28" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Gated 
 and ungated state of the frequency domain representation</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a28');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP177181131" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The trace in the frequency domain depends on the state of the <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Transform.htm#Time_Gate"
								id=a64
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Time 
 Gate</a>:</I></span></p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>If the gate is disabled, the 
 frequency domain trace corresponds to the sweep results prior to the transformation. 
 </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>If the gate is enabled, the frequency 
 domain trace shown is calculated from the time domain trace which is gated 
 and transformed back into the frequency domain. </p></li>
 </ul>
</div>
<p><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5"> In time domain representation, you can use the <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Transform.htm#Define_Time_Gate"
								id=A49
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Time 
 Gate</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A49');
//--></script></I></span> 
 settings in order to eliminate unwanted responses in your signal. After 
 switching back to the frequency domain, you will receive the frequency 
 response of your DUT without the contribution of the unwanted responses. 
 </p>

<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs6"></span> 
 <a HREF="../../../Measurement_Examples/Trace_Evaluation/Time_Domain_(Meas._Examples).htm#Set_up"
	id=A78
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Setting 
 up a time domain measurement</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A78');
//--></script> 
 </p>

<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><span><span style="x-condition: OLH;"><span 
 class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs7"></span> <a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Trace_Evaluation/Time_Domain_(Meas._Examples).htm#Time_gate"
										id=a1
										style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Using 
 a time gate</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a1');
//--></script></span></span></p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs11">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs13"><a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#STATe"
													id=A21
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:STATe 
 OFF</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A21');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Time_Domain></a>Time Domain</h5>

<p class=Beftext><span class=dropspot>S</span>elects the time domain representation 
 for the active diagram area. The softkey is enabled if option ZVAB-K2, 
 <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Time Domain, </I></span>is available, and 
 if a linear frequency sweep <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Channel 
 &#8211; Sweep 
 &#8211; Sweep 
 Type &#8211; 
 Lin.</I></span> <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Frequency)</I></span> is active. 
 The analyzer automatically quits time domain representation as soon as 
 a different sweep type is selected. </p>

<p>In time domain representation the diagram shows the measurement results 
 as a function of time. The results are obtained by transforming the measured 
 frequency sweep data into the time domain using an appropriate mathematical 
 transformation type and frequency window <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(<a 
 href="Transform.htm#Define_Transform"
	id=A4
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Define 
 Transform...</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A4');
//--></script>)</I></span>. 
 The sweep range and the output power for the active channel is still displayed 
 below the diagram; the displayed time interval is shown in a second line: 
 </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Time_Domain_Label.gif" width="466px" height="42px" border="0" class="img_whs14"></p>

<p class=Beftext><span class=dropspot><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"></span></span> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a6" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Trace 
 settings in time domain representation</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a6');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP246190253" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>While the time domain representation is active the trace settings behave 
 as follows: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The settings in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Transform.htm#Time_Domain_Stimulus_Axis"
	id=a83
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Time 
 Domain Stimulus Axis</a></I></span> 
 submenu configure the time axis. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>All <a href="../Format/Trace_Format.htm"
												id=a2
												style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Trace 
 Formats</a> 
 including the circular diagrams are available. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List><a href="../Lines/Trace_-_Lines.htm"
											id=a7
											style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Limit 
 lines</a> 
 can be defined like the limit lines for time sweeps. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The <a href="../Search/Bandfilter.htm"
												id=a8
												style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">bandfilter 
 search</a> 
 functions are available for the transformed trace. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>If <a href="../Marker/Marker.htm#Coupled_Mkrs"
												id=a9
												style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">marker 
 coupling</a> 
 is active, then the markers in the time domain and in the frequency domain 
 are coupled with each other. </p></li>
 </ul>
 <p>The analyzer places no restriction on the measured quantities to be 
 transformed into the time domain. Impedances and admittances are first 
 converted back into the equivalent S-parameter, transformed, and restored 
 after the transformation. </p>
</div>
<p class=Beftext><span class=dropspot><a name=Chirp_transform></a><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"></span> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a23" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Properties 
 of the Chirp z-transformation</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a23');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP177124612" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The Chirp z-transformation that the analyzer uses to compute the time 
 domain response is an extension of the (inverse) Fast Fourier Transform 
 (FFT). Compared to the FFT, the number of sweep points is arbitrary (not 
 necessarily an integer power of 2), but the computation time is increased 
 by approx. a factor of 2. This increased computation time is usually negligible 
 compared to the sweep times of the analyzer. </p>
 <p>The following properties of the Chirp z-transformation are relevant 
 for the analyzer settings: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The frequency points must be 
 equidistant. If a <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Log Frequency</I></span> 
 or<span style="font-style: italic;"><I> Segmented Frequency </I></span><span>sweep 
 is active, the measurement points are interpolated.</span></p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The time domain response is repeated 
 after a time interval which is equal to <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>t 
 = 1/<span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f, where <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f 
 is the spacing between two consecutive sweep points in the frequency domain. 
 For a sweep span of 4 GHz and 201 equidistant sweep points, <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f 
 = 4 GHz/200 = 2 * 10<span style="vertical-align: Super;">7</span> Hz, 
 so that <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>t = 50 ns. <span 
 style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>t is termed measurement range 
 (in time domain) or unambiguous range. </p></li>
 </ul>
 <p>Additional constraints apply if the selected Chirp z-transformation 
 is a <a href="Transform.htm#Band_Pass_and_Low_Pass"
		id=a67
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">lowpass</a> 
 transformation.</p>
</div>
<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><span style="x-condition: OLH;"><a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Trace_Evaluation/Time_Domain_(Meas._Examples).htm#Set_up"
								id=a37
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Setting 
 up a time domain measurement</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a37');
//--></script> 
 </span></p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs11">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#STATe"
													id=a22
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:STATe 
 ON</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a22');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Time_Domain_Stimulus_Axis></a>Time Domain Stimulus Axis</h5>

<p>Opens a submenu to define the stimulus axis range for time domain representation. 
 </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Time_dom_stimulus_axis_menu.gif" width="567px" height="420px" border="0" class="img_whs15"></p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Start 
 Time Domain</I></span> is the lowest displayed time and corresponds to the 
 left edge of the Cartesian diagram. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop 
 Time Domain</I></span> is the highest displayed time and corresponds to the 
 right edge of the Cartesian diagram.</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Center 
 Time Domain</I></span> corresponds to the center of the Cartesian diagram, 
 i.e. (Start + Stop)/2. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Span 
 Time Domain</I></span> corresponds to the diagram width, i.e. (Stop – Start). 
 </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Time</I></span> 
 and <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Distance</I></span> switch over between 
 the x-axis scaling in time units or distance units. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Set 
 Frequencies</I></span> opens the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Channel 
 </I></span>&#8211; 
 <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stimulus</I></span> menu in order to change 
 the stimulus axis in the frequency domain. </p></li>
</ul>

<p class=Linkline><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5">Use the <a href="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Dialogs.htm#Paste_Marker_List"
	id=a91
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">paste 
 marker list</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a91');
//--></script> 
 for convenient entry of </span><span class=dropspot
										style="font-style: italic;"><I>Start 
 </I></span><span class=dropspot>and </span><span class=dropspot
												style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop 
 </I></span><span class=dropspot>values. </span></p>

<p class=Beftext><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"></span> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a5" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Distance 
 units for transmission and reflection parameters</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a5');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP175891605" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The interpretation of time and distance depends on the measurement type. 
 For reflection measurements, the time axis represents the propagation 
 time of a signal from the source to the DUT and back. For transmission 
 measurement, it represents the propagation time from the source through 
 the device to the receiver. The<span style="font-style: italic;"><I> Distance 
 </I></span>calculation is consistent with this interpretation: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>For reflection measurements (S-parameters 
 S<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">ii</span> or ratios with equal port 
 indices) the distance between the source and the DUT is half the propagation 
 time multiplied by the velocity of light in the vacuum times the <a href="../../Channel/Offset/Channel_-_Offset.htm#Mechanical_Length"
	id=a89
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">velocity 
 factor</a> 
 of the receiving port defined in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Channel 
 </I></span>–<span style="font-style: italic;"><I> Offset</I></span> menu <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Distance 
 = 1/2 * Time * c</I></span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: Sub;"><I>0</I></span><span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I> * Velocity Factor)</I></span>. The factor 1/2 
 accounts for the return trip from the DUT to the receiver. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>For transmission measurements, 
 the distance is calculated as the propagation time times the velocity 
 of light in the vacuum times the <a href="../../Channel/Offset/Channel_-_Offset.htm#Mechanical_Length"
									id=A24
									style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">velocity 
 factor</a> 
 of the receiving port defined in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Channel 
 </I></span>–<span style="font-style: italic;"><I> Offset</I></span> menu <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Distance 
 = Time * c</I></span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: Sub;"><I>0</I></span><span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I> * Velocity Factor)</I></span>. </p></li>
 </ul>
</div>
<p><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5"> Due to the properties of the <a href="Transform.htm#Chirp_transform"
													id=A25
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Chirp 
 z-transformation</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A25');
//--></script> 
 the trace is periodic in time and repeats after an unambiguous range of 
 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>t = 1/<span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f. 
 where <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f is the spacing 
 between two consecutive frequency points. To extend the unambiguous range, 
 either reduce the sweep span (<span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Channel 
 </I></span>&#8211;<span 
 style="font-style: italic;"> <I><a href="../../Channel/Stimulus/Channel_Stimulus.htm"
								id=a30
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Stimulus</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a30');
//--></script></I></span>) 
 or increase the number of sweep points. </p>

<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><span style="x-condition: OLH;"><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs7"></span> <a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Trace_Evaluation/Time_Domain_(Meas._Examples).htm#Set_up"
						id=a79
						style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Setting 
 up a time domain measurement</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a79');
//--></script> 
 </span></p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs16">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs17"><a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#STARt"
	id=A31
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:STARt</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A31');
//--></script> 
 <a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#STOP"
	id=A32
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:STOP</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A32');
//--></script><a 
 HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#CENTer"
	id=A34
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:CENTer</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A34');
//--></script><a 
 HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#SPAN"
	id=A35
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:SPAN</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A35');
//--></script><a 
 HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#XAXis"
	id=A38
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:XAXis TIME | DISTance</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A38');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Define_Transform></a>Define Transform</h5>

<p>The <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Define Transform </I></span>dialog 
 selects the transformation type and the frequency domain window which 
 is applied to the trace in order to optimize its time domain response. 
 </p>

<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: Webhelp_Print;"><img src="Define_Transform_Menu.jpg" width="448px" height="341px" border="0" class="img_whs18"></p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>The radio buttons in the <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>Type </I></span>panel select a <a href="Transform.htm#Band_Pass_and_Low_Pass"
															id=A57
															style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">band 
 pass or low pass</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A57');
//--></script> 
 transform. To calculate a low pass transform the sweep points must be 
 on a harmonic grid (otherwise the analyzer will only be able to calculate 
 an approximate result). <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Transform.htm#Low_Pass_Settings"
	id=A53
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Low 
 Pass Settings...</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A53');
//--></script> 
 </I></span>opens a dialog to establish or change a harmonic grid (not available 
 for memory traces). </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>The <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Impulse 
 Response</I></span> panel shows the impulse response of a constant trace over 
 a finite sweep range (i.e. a rectangular function) that was filtered in 
 the frequency domain using different <a href="Transform.htm#Window_Filtering"
										id=A50
										style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">windows</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A50');
//--></script>. 
 The selected window is applied to the active trace. &nbsp;</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>If an <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Arbitrary 
 Sidelobes (Dolph-Chebychev) </I></span>window is selected, the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Arbitrary 
 Sidelobe Level </I></span>(sidelobe suppression) can be set below the <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>Impulse Response </I></span>diagrams. </p></li>
</ul>

<p>For a comparison of the different transformation types and windows and 
 for application examples please also refer to the application note 1EZ44_OE 
 which is posted on the R&amp;S internet. </p>

<p class=Note><img src="../../../small_images/note.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5"> The frequency domain window is used to filter 
 the trace prior to the time domain transformation. An independent <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Transform.htm#Time_Gate"
								id=A62
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Time 
 Gate</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A62');
//--></script></I></span> 
 can be used after the transformation in order to eliminate unwanted responses. 
 </p>

<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><span style="x-condition: OLH;"><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs7"></span> <a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Trace_Evaluation/Time_Domain_(Meas._Examples).htm#Set_up"
						id=a80
						style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Setting 
 up a time domain measurement</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a80');
//--></script> 
 </span></p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs11">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#TYPE"
													id=a55
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME[:TYPE]</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a55');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#STIMulus"
	id=a56
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:STIMulus</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a56');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#WINDow"
	id=a58
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:WINDow</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a58');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#DCHebyshev"
	id=a65
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:DCHebyshev</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a65');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Band_Pass_and_Low_Pass></a>Band Pass and Low Pass Mode</h5>

<p>The analyzer provides two essentially different types of time domain 
 transforms: </p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><a class="expandspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a87" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Band 
 pass mode</a><span class=expandtext style="display: 'none';" id=POPUP171746722 >   : The time domain transform is based on the measurement results obtained 
 in the sweep range between any set of positive start and stop values. 
 The sweep points must be equidistant. No assumption is made about the 
 measurement point at zero frequency (DC value). The time domain result 
 is complex with a generally undetermined phase depending on the delay 
 of the signal. &nbsp;</span><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a87');
//--></script></p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><a class="expandspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a88" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Low 
 pass mode</a><span class=expandtext style="display: 'none';" id=POPUP167828770 >   : The measurement results are continued towards f = 0 (DC value) and 
 mirrored at the frequency origin so that the effective sweep range (and 
 thus the response resolution) is more than doubled. Together with the 
 DC value, the condition of equidistant sweep points implies that the frequency 
 grid must be <a href="Transform.htm#Low_Pass_Settings"
				id=a90
				style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">harmonic</a>. 
 Due to the symmetry of the trace in the frequency domain, the time domain 
 result is harmonic.</span><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a88');
//--></script> 
 </p></li>
</ul>

<p>The band pass and low pass modes are compared below. </p>

<div align=left>
<table x-use-null-cells class="whs19">
<script language='JavaScript'><!--
if ((navigator.appName == "Netscape") && (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) == 4)) document.write("</table><table x-use-null-cells border='1' bordercolor='gray' bordercolorlight='gray' bordercolordark='gray'>");
//--></script>
<col>
<col>
<col>

<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu1>Transform type</td>
<td class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu1>Band pass</td>
<td class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu1>Low pass</td></tr>

<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Advantages</td>
<td class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Easiest to use: works with any set of equidistant sweep 
 points</td>
<td class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Higher response resolution (doubled)</p>
<p class=Tabcmu2>Includes information about DC value</p>
<p class=Tabcmu2>Real result</p>
<p class=Tabcmu2><a href="Transform.htm#Impulse_and_Step_Response"
					id=A13
					style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Impulse 
 and step response</a><script type="text/javascript"
													language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A13');
//--></script></td></tr>

<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Restrictions</td>
<td class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu2>No step response </p>
<p class=Tabcmu2>Undetermined phase</td>
<td class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Needs harmonic grid</td></tr>

<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Use for...</td>
<td class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Scalar measurements where the phase is not needed </p>
<p class=Tabcmu2>DUTs that don't operate down to f = 0 (e.g. pass band 
 or high pass filters)</td>
<td class="whs20">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Scalar measurements where the sign is of interest</p>
<p class=Tabcmu2>DUT's with known DC value</td></tr>
<script language='JavaScript'><!--
if ((navigator.appName == "Netscape") && (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) == 4)) document.write("</table></table><table>");
//--></script>
</table>
</div>
<table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs11">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#TYPE"
													id=a66
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME[:TYPE]</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a66');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Impulse_and_Step_Response></a>Impulse and Step Response</h5>

<p>In <a href="Transform.htm#Band_Pass_and_Low_Pass"
		id=A94
		style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">low 
 pass mode</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A94');
//--></script>, 
 the analyzer can calculate two different types of responses: </p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span class=expandspot>The impulse 
 response corresponds to the response of a DUT that is stimulated with 
 a short pulse. </span></p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span class=expandspot>The step 
 response corresponds to the response of a DUT that is stimulated with 
 a voltage waveform that transitions from zero to unity. </span></p></li>
</ul>

<p>The two alternative responses are mathematically equivalent; the step 
 response can be obtained by integrating the impulse response: </p>

<table x-use-null-cells cellspacing="0" class="whs21">
<col>
<col>
<col>

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td class="whs22">
<p><img src="Impule_Response.gif" width="237px" height="103px" border="0" class="img_whs23"></td>
<td class="whs24">
<p class=List>Integrate impulse response</p>
<p class=List>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<input 
 type=image
	name=image
	src="blue_right.gif"
	x-save-method=compute-relative
	style="height: 19px; width: 116px;"></p>
<p class=List>Obtain step response</td>
<td class="whs25">
<p><img src="Step_Response.gif" width="226px" height="105px" border="0" class="img_whs26"></td></tr>
</table>

<p>The step response is recommended for impedance measurements and for 
 the analysis of discontinuities (especially inductive and capacitive discontinuities). 
 The impulse response has an unambiguous magnitude and is therefore recommended 
 for most other applications. </p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs11">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#STIMulus"
													id=a93
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:STIMulus</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a93');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Window_Filtering></a>Windows in the Frequency Domain</h5>

<p>The finite sweep range in a frequency domain measurement with the discontinuous 
 transitions at the start and stop frequency broadens the impulses and 
 causes sidelobes (ringing) in the time domain response. The windows offered 
 in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Transform.htm#Define_Transform"
											id=A84
											style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Define 
 Transform</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A84');
//--></script> 
 </I></span>dialog can reduce this effect and optimize the time domain response. 
 The windows have the following characteristics: </p>

<div align=left>
<table x-use-null-cells width="100%" class="whs27">
<script language='JavaScript'><!--
if ((navigator.appName == "Netscape") && (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) == 4)) document.write("</table><table x-use-null-cells width='100%' border='1' bordercolor='gray' bordercolorlight='gray' bordercolordark='gray'>");
//--></script>
<col class="whs28">
<col class="whs28">
<col class="whs28">
<col class="whs28">

<tr>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu1>Window</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu1>Sidelobe suppression</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu1>Relative impulse width</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu1>Best for...</td></tr>

<tr>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>No Profiling (Rectangle) </td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>13 dB</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>1</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>&#8211;</td></tr>

<tr>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Low First Sidelobe (Hamming)</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>43 dB</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>1.4</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Response resolution: separation of closely spaced responses 
 with comparable amplitude </td></tr>

<tr>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Normal Profile (Hann)</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>32 dB</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>1.6</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Good compromise between pulse width and sidelobe suppression</td></tr>

<tr>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Steep Falloff (Bohman)</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>46 dB</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>1.9</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Dynamic range: separation of distant responses with different 
 amplitude </td></tr>

<tr>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Arbitrary Sidelobes (Dolph-Chebychev)</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>User defined between 10 dB and 120 dB</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>1.2 (at 32 dB sidelobe suppression)</td>
<td width="25%" class="whs29">
<p class=Tabcmu2>Adjustment to individual needs; tradeoff between sidelobe 
 suppression and impulse width</td></tr>
<script language='JavaScript'><!--
if ((navigator.appName == "Netscape") && (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) == 4)) document.write("</table></table><table>");
//--></script>
</table>
</div>
<table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs11">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#WINDow"
													id=a59
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:WINDow</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a59');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#DCHebyshev"
	id=a60
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:DCHebyshev</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a60');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Low_Pass_Settings></a>Low Pass Settings</h5>

<p>The <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Low Pass Settings </I></span>dialog 
 defines the harmonic grid for low pass time domain transforms. </p>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a33" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "> 
 Harmonic grid</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a33');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP171957044" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>A harmonic grid is formed by a set of equidistant frequency points f<span 
 style="vertical-align: Sub;">i</span> (i = 1...n) with spacing <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f 
 and the additional condition that f<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">1</span> 
 = <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">D</span>f. In other words, 
 all frequencies f<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">i</span> are set to 
 harmonics of the start frequency f<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">1</span>.</p>
 <p>If a harmonic grid, including the DC value (f = 0) is mirrored to the 
 negative frequency range, the result is again an equidistant grid. </p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Harmonic_grid.gif" width="516px" height="77px" border="0" class="img_whs30"></p>
 <p>The point symmetry with respect to the DC value makes harmonic grids 
 suitable for <a href="Transform.htm#Band_Pass_and_Low_Pass"
				id=a68
				style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">lowpass</a> 
 time domain transformations. </p>
</div>
<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: Webhelp_Print;"><img src="Low_Pass_Settings_Menu.jpg" width="370px" height="326px" border="0" class="img_whs31"></p>

<p>The dialog can be used to change the present grid of sweep points, which 
 may or may not be harmonic.</p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>The three buttons in the <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Transform.htm#Set_Harmonic_Grid"
								id=A36
								style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Set 
 Harmonic Grid...</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A36');
//--></script> 
 </I></span>panel provide alternative algorithms for calculation of a harmonic 
 grid, based on the current <A href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="BSSCPopup('Transform_text0.htm');return false;" onMouseOver="if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) >= 4) BSPSPopupOnMouseOver(event);" class="popupspot" >sweep 
 points</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a11');
//--></script>. 
 </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>The control elements in the <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>DC Value </I></span>panel define the measurement 
 result at zero frequency and in the interpolation/extrapolation range 
 between f = 0 and f = f<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">min</span>. 
 They are enabled after a harmonic grid has been established. </p></li>
</ul>

<p><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a17" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Defining 
 the low frequency sweep points</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a17');
//--></script> 
 </p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP174796553" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>After calculating a harmonic grid, the analyzer must determine the value 
 of the measured quantity at zero frequency and possibly at additional 
 points in the range between f = 0 and f = f<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">min</span>. 
 </p>
 <p>The following figure shows a scenario where the harmonic grid was calculated 
 with fixed <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop Frequency and Number 
 of Points.</I></span> The DC value and the values at the two additional red 
 points must be extrapolated or interpolated according to the measured 
 sweep points (blue dots) and the properties of the DUT. </p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Stop_Freq_no_of_points.jpg" width="449px" height="128px" border="0" class="img_whs32"></p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>If the properties of the DUT 
 at f = 0 are sufficiently well known, then it is recommendable to enter 
 the DC value manually <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Manual Entry) 
 </I></span>and let the analyzer calculate the remaining values (red dots) 
 by linear interpolation of the magnitude and phase<span style="font-style: italic;"><I></I></span><span>(</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a class="expandspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a77" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Examples:</a><span class=expandtext style="display: 'none';" id=POPUP177740109 >   At f = 0 the reflection factor of an open-ended cable is 1. It is &#8211;1 for a short-circuited 
 cable and 0 for a cable with matched termination. If a cable with known 
 termination is measured, then these real numbers should be entered as 
 DC values.</span></I></span><span>).</span><span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I></I></span>Clicking the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Extrapolate 
 </I></span>button will initiate an extrapolation of the measured trace towards 
 f = 0 and overwrite the current DC value. This can be used for a consistency 
 check.<span style="font-style: italic;"><I></I></span></p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Continuous 
 Extrapolation </I></span><span>initiates an extrapolation of the measured 
 trace towards lower frequencies, so that the missing values (green and 
 red dots) are obtained without any additional input. The extrapolation 
 is repeated after each sweep.</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><I></I></span></p></li>
 </ul>
</div><table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs11">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#LPASs"
													id=a48
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:LPASs 
 KFSTop | KDFRequency | KSDFrequency</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a48');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#LPASs_DCSParam"
	id=a51
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:LPASs:DCSParam</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a51');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#LPASs_DCSParam_CONTinuous"
	id=a52
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:LPASs:DCSParam:CONTinuous</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a52');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#LPASs_DSCParam_EXTRapolate"
	id=a54
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:LPASs:DCSParam:EXTRapolate</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a54');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#LPFRequency"
	id=a27
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:LPFRequency</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a27');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Set_Harmonic_Grid></a>Set Harmonic Grid</h5>

<p>In the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Set Harmonic Grid... </I></span>panel 
 of the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Transform.htm#Low_Pass_Settings"
											id=A39
											style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Low 
 Pass Settings</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A39');
//--></script></I></span> 
 dialog, a harmonic grid can be calculated in three alternative ways: </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Set_harmonic_grid.gif" width="357px" height="113px" border="0" class="img_whs33"></p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>Keep <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop 
 Frequency and Number of Points </I></span>calculates a harmonic grid based 
 on the current stop frequency <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Channel 
 &#8211; <a 
 HREF="../../Channel/Stimulus/Channel_Stimulus.htm"
	id=A40
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Stimulus 
 &#8211; Stop</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A40');
//--></script>) 
 </I></span>and the current number of sweep points <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Channel 
 &#8211; <a 
 href="../../Channel/Sweep/Number_of_Points.htm"
	id=a41
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Sweep 
 &#8211; Number 
 of Points</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a41');
//--></script>).</I></span> 
 This may increase the step width, narrowing the unambiguous range but 
 improving the time domain resolution. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>Keep <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Frequency 
 Gap and Number of Points </I></span>calculates a harmonic grid based on the 
 current stop frequency <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Channel &#8211; <a href="../../Channel/Stimulus/Channel_Stimulus.htm"
	id=a42
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Stimulus 
 &#8211; Stop</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a42');
//--></script>) 
 </I></span>and the current <a class="expandspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a44" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">frequency 
 gap</a><span class=expandtext style="display: 'none';" id=POPUP244281756 >   &nbsp;(the 
 spacing between the equidistant sweep points, i.e. the sweep <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Span</I></span> 
 divided by the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Number of Points </I></span>minus 
 one)</span><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a44');
//--></script>. 
 This leaves the unambiguous range unchanged but may lower the stop frequency 
 and therefore deteriorate the time domain resolution. &nbsp;</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>Keep <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop 
 Frequency and Approximate Frequency Gap </I></span>calculates a harmonic grid 
 based on the current stop frequency <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Channel 
 &#8211; <a 
 href="../../Channel/Stimulus/Channel_Stimulus.htm"
	id=a43
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Stimulus 
 &#8211; Stop</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a43');
//--></script>), 
 </I></span>increasing the number of points <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Channel 
 &#8211; <a 
 href="../../Channel/Sweep/Number_of_Points.htm"
	id=a45
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Sweep 
 &#8211; Number 
 of Points</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a45');
//--></script>)</I></span> 
 in such a way that<span style="font-style: italic;"> <I></I></span>the frequency 
 gap remains approximately the same. This leaves both the time domain resolution 
 and the unambiguous range unchanged but may increase the sweep time, due 
 to the additional sweep points introduced. &nbsp;</p></li>
</ul>

<p>The three grids can be calculated repeatedly in any order; the analyzer 
 always starts from the original set of sweep points. </p>

<p class=List><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a46" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Visualization 
 of the harmonic grid algorithms</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a46');
//--></script> 
 </p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP172579758" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The three types of harmonic grids have the following characteristics: 
 </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>Keep <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop 
 Frequency and Number of Points </I></span><span>means that the stop frequency 
 and the number of sweep points is maintained. The sweep points are re-distributed 
 across the range between the minimum frequency of the analyzer and the 
 stop frequency; the step width may be increased.</span></p></li>
 </ul>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Stop_Freq_no_of_points.jpg" width="449px" height="128px" border="0" class="img_whs34"></p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>Keep <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Frequency 
 Gap and Number of Points </I></span>means that the number of sweep points 
 and their relative spacing is maintained. The entire set of sweep points 
 is shifted towards lower frequencies so that the stop frequency is decreased.</p></li>
 </ul>
 <p class=Figure>&nbsp;<img src="Freq_Gap_no_of_points.jpg" width="449px" height="155px" border="0" class="img_whs35"></p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>Keep <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop 
 Frequency and Approximate Frequency Gap </I></span>means that the stop frequency 
 is maintained and the and the number of sweep points is increased until 
 the range between f<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">min</span> and the 
 stop frequency is filled. The frequency gap is approximately maintained.</p></li>
 </ul>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Stop_Freq_approx_Freq_gap.jpg" width="449px" height="154px" border="0" class="img_whs36"></p>
 <p class=Note><img src="../../../small_images/note.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5"> The figures above are schematic and do not 
 comply with the conditions placed on the number of sweep points and interpolated/extrapolated 
 values. &nbsp;</p>
</div>
<p class=Note><img src="../../../small_images/note.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5"> The harmonic grids can not be calculated 
 for any set of sweep points. If the minimum number of sweep points is 
 smaller than 5, then the interpolation/extrapolation algorithm for additional 
 sweep points will not work. The same is true if the number of sweep points 
 or stop frequency exceeds the upper limit. Besides, the ratio between 
 the sweep range and the interpolation range between f = 0 and f = f<span 
 style="vertical-align: Sub;">min</span> must be large enough to ensure 
 accurate results. <br>
If the sweep range for the harmonic grid exceeds the frequency range of 
 the current system error correction, a warning is displayed. </p>

<p><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5"></span> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a12" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Finding 
 the appropriate algorithm</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a12');
//--></script> 
 </p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP177656007" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The three types of harmonic grids have different advantages and drawbacks. 
 The following table helps you to find the appropriate grid. </p>
 <div align=left>
  <table x-use-null-cells width="100%" class="whs27"><script language='JavaScript'><!--
if ((navigator.appName == "Netscape") && (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) == 4)) document.write("</table><table x-use-null-cells width='100%' border='1' bordercolor='gray' bordercolorlight='gray' bordercolordark='gray'>");
//--></script>
   <col class="whs28">
   <col class="whs28">
   <col class="whs28">
   <col class="whs28">
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu1>Grid type: Keep</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu1>Sweep time</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu1>Time domain resolution</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu1>Unambiguous range</td></tr>
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>Stop freq. and no. of points</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
   <p><input type="image" name="image3" src="../../../small_images/baby_right.gif" x-save-method="compute-relative" style="width: 24px; height: 19px;"></td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
   <p><input type="image" name="image2" src="../../../small_images/green_up.gif" x-save-method="compute-relative" style="width: 20px; height: 23px;"></td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
   <p><input type="image" name="image1" src="../../../small_images/red_down.gif" x-save-method="compute-relative" style="width: 20px; height: 23px;"></td></tr>
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>Freq. gap and no. of points</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
   <p><input type="image" name="image31" src="../../../small_images/baby_right.gif" x-save-method="compute-relative" style="width: 24px; height: 19px;"></td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
   <p><input type="image" name="image11" src="../../../small_images/red_down.gif" x-save-method="compute-relative" style="width: 20px; height: 23px;"></td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
   <p><input type="image" name="image33" src="../../../small_images/baby_right.gif" x-save-method="compute-relative" style="width: 24px; height: 19px;"></td></tr>
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>Stop freq. and approx. freq. gap</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
   <p><input type="image" name="image" src="../../../small_images/red_up.gif" x-save-method="compute-relative" style="width: 20px; height: 23px;"></td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
   <p><input type="image" name="image32" src="../../../small_images/baby_right.gif" x-save-method="compute-relative" style="width: 24px; height: 19px;"></td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
   <p><input type="image" name="image34" src="../../../small_images/baby_right.gif" x-save-method="compute-relative" style="width: 24px; height: 19px;"></td></tr><script language='JavaScript'><!--
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  </table>
 </div>
</div><table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs11">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs13"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform.htm#LPASs"
													id=a26
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:TRANsform:TIME:LPASs 
 KFSTop | KDFRequency | KSDFrequency</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a26');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Time_Gate></a>Time Gate</h5>

<p>Switches the time gate defined via <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Transform.htm#Define_Time_Gate"
	id=A61
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Define 
 Time Gate</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A61');
//--></script></I></span> 
 on or off. An active time gate acts on the trace in time domain as well 
 as in frequency domain representation. <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Gat 
 </I></span>is displayed in the trace list while the time gate is active. <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>&nbsp;</I></span></p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Gating_indication.gif" width="287px" height="19px" border="0" class="img_whs37"></p>

<p class=Note><img src="../../../small_images/note.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5"> The time gate is independent of the <a href="Transform.htm#Define_Transform"
	id=A63
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">frequency 
 window</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A63');
//--></script> 
 used to filter the trace prior to the time domain transformation. </p>

<p class=Linkline><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5"> In time domain representation, you can 
 use the time gate<span style="font-style: italic;"> <I></I></span>settings in 
 order to eliminate unwanted responses in your signal. After switching 
 back to the frequency domain, you will receive the frequency response 
 of your DUT without the contribution of the unwanted responses. &nbsp;</p>

<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs6"></span> 
 <a HREF="../../../Measurement_Examples/Trace_Evaluation/Time_Domain_(Meas._Examples).htm#Time_gate"
	id=A81
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Using 
 a time gate</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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//--></script></p>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs11">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs13"><a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FILTer.htm#STATe"
													id=A69
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:FILTer[:GATE]:TIME:STATe 
 &lt;Boolean&gt;</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A69');
//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs4">


<h5><a name=Define_Time_Gate></a>Define Time Gate</h5>

<p class=Linkline>The <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Define Time Gate 
 </I></span><span>defines the properties of the time gate used to eliminate 
 unwanted responses that appear on the time domain transform</span>. </p>

<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: Webhelp_Print;"><img src="Define_Time_Gate_menu.jpg" width="447px" height="331px" border="0" class="img_whs38"></p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Start 
 </I></span>and <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop </I></span>or <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Center 
 </I></span>and <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Span </I></span>define the size 
 of the time gate. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>The filter <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Type 
 </I></span>defines what occurs to the data in the specific time region. A 
 <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Band Pass </I></span>filter passes all information 
 in the specified time region and rejects everything else. A <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Notch 
 </I></span>filter rejects all information in the specified time region and 
 passes everything else. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>The <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Gate 
 Shape</I></span> panel visualizes how the time gate will affect a constant 
 function after transformation back into the frequency domain. The selected 
 window is applied to the active trace. The two red vertical lines represent 
 the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Start </I></span><span>and </span><span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop </I></span><span>values defining the size 
 of the time gate.</span> </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>If an <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Arbitrary 
 Gate Shape (Dolph-Chebychev) </I></span>window is selected, the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Arbitrary 
 Sidelobe Level</I></span> can be set below the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Gate 
 Shape </I></span>diagrams. </p></li>
</ul>

<p class=Linkline><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5">Use the <a href="../../../System_Overview/Screen_Elements/Dialogs.htm#Paste_Marker_List"
	id=a92
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">paste 
 marker list</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a92');
//--></script> 
 for convenient entry of </span><span class=dropspot
										style="font-style: italic;"><I>Start 
 </I></span><span class=dropspot>and </span><span class=dropspot
												style="font-style: italic;"><I>Stop 
 </I></span><span class=dropspot>values. </span></p>

<p class=List><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a85" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Comparison 
 of time gates</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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//--></script> 
 </p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP244657061" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The properties of the time gates are analogous to the properties of 
 the frequency domain <a href="Transform.htm#Window_Filtering"
						id=a86
						style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">windows</a>. 
 The following table gives an overview: </p>
 <div align=left>
  <table x-use-null-cells width="100%" class="whs27"><script language='JavaScript'><!--
if ((navigator.appName == "Netscape") && (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) == 4)) document.write("</table><table x-use-null-cells width='100%' border='1' bordercolor='gray' bordercolorlight='gray' bordercolordark='gray'>");
//--></script>
   <col class="whs28">
   <col class="whs28">
   <col class="whs28">
   <col class="whs28">
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu1>Window</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu1>Sidelobe suppression</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu1>Passband ripple</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu1>Best for...</td></tr>
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Steepest Edges (Rectangle) </td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>13 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>0.547 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Eliminate small distortions in the vicinity of the useful 
 signal, if demands on amplitude accuracy are low</td></tr>
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Steep Edges (Hamming)</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>43 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>0.019 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Good compromise between edge steepness and sidelobe suppression 
 </td></tr>
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Normal Gate (Hann)</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>32 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>0.032 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Good compromise between edge steepness and sidelobe suppression 
 </td></tr>
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Maximum Flatness (Bohman) </td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>46 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>0 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Maximum attenuation of responses outside the gate span 
 </td></tr>
   <tr>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Arbitrary Gate Shape (Dolph-Chebychev)</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>User defined between 10 dB and 120 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>0.071 dB</td>
   <td width="25%" class="whs29">
   <p class=Tabcmu2>Adjustment to individual needs; tradeoff between sidelobe 
 suppression and edge steepness </td></tr><script language='JavaScript'><!--
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 </div>
</div>
<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><span style="x-condition: OLH;"><span class=dropspot><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs7"></span> <a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Trace_Evaluation/Time_Domain_(Meas._Examples).htm#Time_gate"
						id=a82
						style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Using 
 a time gate</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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<table x-use-null-cells class="whs8">

<tr valign="top" class="whs9">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs10">
<p class="whs16">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs12">
<p class="whs39"><a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FILTer.htm#STARt"
	id=A70
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:FILTer[:GATE]:TIME:STARt</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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 <a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FILTer.htm#STOP"
	id=A71
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:FILTer[:GATE]:TIME:STOP</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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 <a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FILTer.htm#CENTer"
	id=A72
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:FILTer[:GATE]:TIME:CENTer</a><script 
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 <a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FILTer.htm#SPAN"
	id=A73
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:FILTer[:GATE]:TIME:SPAN</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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 <a HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FILTer.htm#TYPE"
	id=A74
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:FILTer[:GATE]:TIME[:TYPE] BPASs | NOTCh</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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//--></script><a 
 HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FILTer.htm#WINDow"
	id=A75
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:FILTer[:GATE]:TIME:WINDow RECT | HAMMing | HANN 
 | BOHMan | DCHebyshev</a><script type="text/javascript"
														language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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 HREF="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_FILTer.htm#DCHebyshev"
	id=A76
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
CALCulate&lt;Chn&gt;:FILTer[:GATE]:TIME:DCHebyshev</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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 </td></tr>
</table>


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