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<h4>Virtual Transform &nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onClick="var e; if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion)>=4){e=event;}  if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) >=2 && typeof(PopupMenu_Invoke) == 'function') PopupMenu_Invoke(e,'','CALCulate:TRANsform:VNETworks','../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform_VNETworks.htm','Data Flow','../../../System_Overview/Analyzer_Model/Copy_of_Basic_Concepts.htm','Network (De)embedding Examples','../../../Measurement_Examples/Port_Conversion/Network_(De)embedding.htm');return false;" title="Related Topics"><img src="../../../ss_btn_related_topics1.gif" border=0 height=17 width=82 alt="Related Topics"></a>


 </h4>

<p>The <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Virtual Transform</I></span> submenu<span 
 style="font-style: italic;"> <I></I></span>defines virtual networks to be added 
 to/removed from the measurement circuit for a DUT with single ended or 
 balanced ports. The submenu is available for analyzer models with arbitrary 
 numbers of ports. </p>

<p class=Dropdownline><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a4" style="x-text-underline: normal;
												color: #008000;
												/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative;
												text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Embedding 
 a DUT into a matching network</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a4');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP171495828" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>To be integrated in application circuits, high-impedance components 
 like Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters are often combined with a matching 
 network. To obtain the characteristics of a component with an added matching 
 network, both must be integrated in the measurement circuit of the network 
 analyzer. The figure below shows a DUT with a single-ended and a balanced 
 port that is combined with a real matching circuit and a physical unbalance-balance 
 transformer (balun) in order to be evaluated in a 2-port measurement. 
 </p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="SAW_Network.jpg" width="367px" height="373px" border="0" class="img_whs2"></p>
 <p>The idea of virtual embedding is to simulate the matching network and 
 avoid using physical circuitry so that the analyzer ports can be directly 
 connected to the input and output ports of the DUT. The matching circuit 
 is taken into account numerically. The analyzer measures the DUT alone 
 but provides the characteristics of the DUT, including the desired matching 
 circuit. This method provides a number of advantages: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The measurement uncertainty is 
 not impaired by the tolerances of real test fixtures.</p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>There is no need to fabricate 
 test fixtures with integrated matching circuits for each type of DUT. 
 </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>Calibration can be performed 
 at the DUT's ports. If necessary (e.g. for compensating for the effect 
 of a test fixture) it is possible to shift the calibration plane using 
 length <a HREF="../Offset/Channel_-_Offset.htm"
			id=a5
			style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">offset 
 parameters</a>. 
 </p></li>
 </ul>
</div>
<p class=Dropdownline><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a17" style="x-text-underline: normal;
												color: #008000;
												/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative;
												text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Deembedding 
 a DUT</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a17');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP169433688" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>Deembedding and embedding are inverse operations: A deembedding problem 
 is given if an arbitrary real network connected to the DUT is to be virtually 
 removed in order to obtain the characteristics of the DUT alone. Deembedding 
 is typically used for DUTs which are not directly accessible because they 
 are inseparably connected to other components, e.g. for MMICs in a package 
 or connectors soldered to an adapter board. </p>
 <p>To be numerically removed, the real network must be described by a set 
 of S-parameters or by an equivalent circuit of lumped elements. Deembedding 
 the DUT effectively extends the calibration plane towards the DUT ports, 
 enabling a realistic evaluation of the DUT without the distorting network. 
 Deembedding can be combined with length <a HREF="../Offset/Channel_-_Offset.htm"
											id=a18
											style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">offset 
 parameters</a>. 
 </p>
 <p>The simplest case of one-port deembedding can be depicted as follows: 
 </p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Deembedding_scheme.gif" width="453px" height="174px" border="0" class="img_whs4"></p>
 <p>The embedding/deembedding function in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Virtual 
 Transform </I></span>menu has the following characteristics: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>Embedding and deembedding can 
 be combined with balanced port conversion: the (de-)embedding function 
 is available for single ended and balanced ports. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>A combination of <a href="Virtual_Transform.htm#Combination_of_Embedding_and_Deembedding"
	id=a9
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">four-port 
 and two-port networks</a> 
 (not necessarily both) can be applied to balanced ports; two-port networks 
 can be applied to single ended ports. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>Transformation networks can be 
 defined by a set of S-parameters stored in a Touchstone file or by an 
 equivalent circuit with lumped elements. </p></li>
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>The same networks are available 
 for embedding and deembedding. &nbsp;</p></li>
 </ul>
</div>
<p class=Figure><img src="Virtual_Transform_menu.gif" width="491px" height="177px" border="0" class="img_whs5"></p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Virtual_Transform.htm#Port_Overview"
	id=A1
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Port 
 Overview...</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A1');
//--></script></I></span> 
 opens a dialog providing an overview of all analyzer ports with their 
 reference impedances and transformation networks. &nbsp;</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Virtual_Transform.htm#Single_Port__De_Embedding"
	id=A2
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Single 
 Ended Port Deembedding/Embedding</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A2');
//--></script></I></span> 
 directly opens the configuration dialog for the single ended circuits 
 and activates or deactivates (de-)embedding. &nbsp;</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Virtual_Transform.htm#Balanced_Port__De_Embedding"
	id=A7
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Balanced 
 Port Deembedding/Embedding</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A7');
//--></script></I></span> 
 directly opens the configuration dialog for the balanced circuits and 
 activates or deactivates (de-)embedding. These commands are enabled only 
 after a <a href="Balanced_Ports.htm#Define"
			id=a21
			style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">balanced 
 port</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a21');
//--></script> 
 configuration has been defined. &nbsp;</p></li>
</ul>

<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs6"> <a HREF="../../../Measurement_Examples/Port_Conversion/Network_(De)embedding.htm"
												id=A6
												style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Network 
 (De-)embedding</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A6');
//--></script></p>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs7">


<h5><span class=dropspot><a name=Port_Overview></a>Port Overview</span> 
 </h5>

<p>Provides an overview of analyzer ports with their reference impedances 
 and transformation networks for (de-)embedding. &nbsp;</p>

<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: Webhelp_Print;"><img src="Port_Overview.jpg" width="619px" height="243px" border="0" class="img_whs8"></p>

<p>Each row in the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Port Overview </I></span>table 
 corresponds to one logical or physical analyzer port; the number of rows 
 in the different columns is equal to the number of balanced ports or physical 
 test ports of the analyzer. The <img src="../../../small_images/Three_dots.gif" width="16px" height="15px" border="0" class="img_whs9"> buttons open different 
 dialogs for test port configuration: </p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Virtual_Transform.htm#Reference_Impedances"
	id=A13
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Reference 
 Impedance</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A13');
//--></script></I></span> 
 defines complex impedances for balanced test ports. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Virtual_Transform.htm#Balanced_Port__De_Embedding"
	id=A14
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Bal 
 Port Deembedding</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A14');
//--></script></I></span> 
 and <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Bal Port Embedding </I></span>show the 
 4-port transformation networks to be added or removed at balanced (logical) 
 ports. <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Off </I></span>denotes that no (de)embedding 
 operation is performed.<span style="font-style: italic;"> <I></I></span></p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a 
 href="Virtual_Transform.htm#Single_Port__De_Embedding"
	id=A15
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Single 
 Port Deembedding</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A15');
//--></script></I></span> 
 and <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Single Port Embedding </I></span>show 
 the 2-port transformation networks to be added or removed at single ended 
 (physical) or balanced (logical) ports. <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Off 
 </I></span>denotes that no (de)embedding operation is performed.<span style="font-style: italic;"> 
 <I></I></span></p></li>
</ul>

<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs10"> <a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Port_Conversion/Network_(De)embedding.htm"
												id=a8
												style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Network 
 (De-)embedding</a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a8');
//--></script></p>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs7">


<h5><span class=dropspot><a name=Combination_of_Embedding_and_Deembedding></a>Combination 
 of 2-Port and 4-Port (De-)Embedding Networks</span> </h5>

<p>In the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Port Overview </I></span>dialog, 
 it is possible to select a combination of 4-port and 2-port networks for 
 (de-)embedding at balanced (logical) ports, and to select 2-port networks 
 for (de-)embedding at single ended (physical) ports. The following example 
 shows the full configuration for a four-port analyzer where the physical 
 ports 1 and 3 form a balanced port with the logical port no. 1 and the 
 remaining ports 2 and 4 are single ended. </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Port_Overview.jpg" width="619px" height="243px" border="0" class="img_whs8"></p>

<p>The port overview configuration above corresponds to the measurement 
 circuits shown in steps 1 to 5 below. &nbsp;</p>

<p>The different steps for deembedding and embedding are carried out in 
 the following order:</p>

<p class=Figure><span style="font-weight: bold;"><B><img src="Deemb_calc_chain.gif" width="962px" height="69px" border="0" class="img_whs11"></B></span> 
 </p>

<p>This means that the real networks are removed before virtual networks 
 are added. For a a single balanced port with all (de-)embedding networks 
 enabled, the 4 (de-)embedding steps are carried out in the following order: 
 </p>

<ol>
	
	<li style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ color: #008000; color: #008000; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-CProcedure><p class=Procedure
									style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a10" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><font color=green ><U>Initial 
 situation: DUT embedded in 2-port and 4-port networks (only 1 port shown)</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a10');
//--></script> 
 </U></font></span></p>
<div class="droptext" id="POPUP175991796" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p><img src="De-embed_step1.gif" width="496px" height="107px" border="0" class="img_whs12"></p>
</div></li>
	
	<li style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ color: #008000; color: #008000; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-CProcedure><p class=Procedure
									style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a11" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><font color=green ><U>2-port 
 deembedding</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a11');
//--></script> 
 </U></font></span></p>
<div class="droptext" id="POPUP175987960" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p><img src="De-embed_step2.gif" width="496px" height="107px" border="0" class="img_whs12"></p>
</div></li>
	
	<li style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ color: #008000; color: #008000; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-CProcedure><p class=Procedure
									style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a12" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><font color=green ><U>4-port 
 deembedding</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a12');
//--></script> 
 </U></font></span></p>
<div class="droptext" id="POPUP175979077" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p><img src="De-embed_step3.gif" width="496px" height="107px" border="0" class="img_whs12"></p>
</div></li>
	
	<li style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ color: #008000; color: #008000; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-CProcedure><p class=Procedure
									style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a23" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><font color=green ><U>4-port 
 embedding</U></font></span></a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a23');
//--></script></p>
<div class="droptext" id="POPUP175976258" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p><img src="De-embed_step4.gif" width="496px" height="107px" border="0" class="img_whs12"></p>
</div></li>
	
	<li style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ color: #008000; color: #008000; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-CProcedure><p class=Procedure
									style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a24" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><span 
 style="color: #008000; x-text-underline: normal; /*begin!kadov{{*/ text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><font color=green ><U>2-port 
 embedding</U></font></span></a><script type="text/javascript"
												language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a24');
//--></script></p>
<div class="droptext" id="POPUP175974212" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p><img src="De-embed_step5.gif" width="496px" height="107px" border="0" class="img_whs12"></p>
</div></li>
</ol>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs7">


<h5><span class=dropspot><a name=Reference_Impedances></a>Reference Impedances...</span> 
 </h5>

<p>Changes the reference impedances of the analyzer ports. This is often 
 referred to as renormalization of port impedances. Renormalization means 
 that the measurement results measured at 50 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W</span> 
 (75 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W</span>) are converted 
 into results at arbitrary port impedance. </p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>Renormalization of the physical 
 port impedances affects e.g. S-parameters and wave quantities in <span 
 style="font-style: italic;"><I>Power </I></span>representation. &nbsp;</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>Renormalization of the balanced 
 port impedances affects all measured quantities <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(Trace 
 &#8211; <a 
 href="../../Trace/Measure/Trace_-_Measure.htm"
	id=a34
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Measure</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a34');
//--></script>) 
 </I></span><span>that the analyzer provides for balanced ports</span>. &nbsp;</p></li>
</ul>

<p>The default reference impedance of a physical port is equal to the reference 
 impedance of the connector type assigned to the port (50 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W</span> 
 or 75 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W).</span> It can be defined 
 as a complex value. </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Reference_Imp_phys.jpg" width="272px" height="110px" border="0" class="img_whs13"> </p>

<p>For balanced ports it is possible to define separate complex reference 
 impedances for differential and for common mode. </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Reference_Imp_log.jpg" width="314px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs14"> </p>

<p class=Figure><img src="Impedances.gif" width="562px" height="218px" border="0" class="img_whs15"></p>

<p>The default values for the balanced port reference impedances are derived 
 from the default reference impedance of the physical analyzer ports (Z<span 
 style="vertical-align: Sub;">0</span> = 50 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W):</span> 
 </p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List>The default value for the differential 
 mode is Z<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">0d</span> = 100 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W</span> 
 = 2*Z<span style="vertical-align: Sub;">0</span>.</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span class=dropspot>The default 
 value for the common mode is Z</span><span class=dropspot
											style="vertical-align: Sub;">0c</span><span 
 class=dropspot> = 25 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W</span><span 
 class=dropspot> = Z</span><span class=dropspot
								style="vertical-align: Sub;">0</span><span 
 class=dropspot>/2. </span></p></li>
</ul>

<table x-use-null-cells class="whs16">

<tr valign="top" class="whs17">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs18">
<p class="whs19">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs20">
<p class="whs21"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSE_PORT.htm#ZREFerence"
	id=a20
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">SENSe:PORT&lt;phys_port&gt;:ZREFerence 
 &lt;real&gt; [,&lt;imaginary]</a><script type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSE_LPORt.htm#ZCOMmon"
	id=a27
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
SENSe:LPORT&lt;log_port&gt;:ZCOMmon &lt;real&gt; [,&lt;imaginary]</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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	id=a28
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
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//--></script></td></tr>
</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs7">


<h5><span class=dropspot><a name=Single_Port__De_Embedding></a>Single Port 
 Embedding/Deembedding</span> </h5>

<p>Selects a 2-port transformation network for single port (de-)embedding, 
 defines its parameters, assigns it to a physical port and enables (de-)embedding. 
 Single port (de-)embedding can be used for balanced (logical) as well 
 as for single ended (physical) ports. The two dialogs for deembedding 
 and embedding are identical except for their inverse effect. </p>

<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: Webhelp_Print;"><img src="Single_embedding.jpg" width="340px" height="405px" border="0" class="img_whs22"></p>

<p>The dialogs contain the following control elements: </p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Physical 
 Port </I></span>is the physical analyzer port for the added or removed circuit. 
 The transformation networks are defined such that the physical analyzer 
 test port is connected to the left of the circuit; the DUT port is on 
 the right side. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(De-)embed 
 DUT </I></span>enables or disables the (de-)embedding function. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Transformation 
 Network </I></span>contains all available 2-port networks (see below). Networks 
 are either defined by lumped elements or by means of imported S-parameter 
 data. The element parameters (C, R, L) for the selected 
 network are displayed on the right side. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Read 
 Data From File... </I></span>is enabled as long as the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>2-Port 
 Data</I></span> network is active. This network is defined by its S-parameters 
 stored in a two-port Touchstone file (*.s2p). No additional parameters 
 are required. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Set 
 to Ideal Through </I></span>is enabled as long as the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>2-Port 
 Data</I></span> network is active. An imported S-parameter set is replaced 
 by the S-parameters of an ideal through connection, which eliminates the 
 transformation network. &nbsp;</p></li>
</ul>

<p class=Dropdownline><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a16" style="x-text-underline: normal;
												color: #008000;
												/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative;
												text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Circuit 
 models for 2-port networks</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a16');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP176402196" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The lumped element 2-port transformation networks for (de-)embedding 
 consist of the following two basic circuit blocks: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>A capacitor C connected in parallel 
 with a resistor. </p></li>
 </ul>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>An inductor L connected in series 
 with a resistor. </p></li>
 </ul>
 <p>The 2-port transformation networks comprise all possible combinations 
 of 2 basic blocks, where one block represents a serial, the other a shunt 
 element. In the default setting the resistors are not effective, since 
 the serial Rs are set to 0 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W</span>, 
 the shunt Rs are set to 10 M<span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W</span>. 
 &nbsp;</p>
 <p class=List>The first network is defined by its S-parameters stored in 
 an imported two-port Touchstone file (*.s2p). No additional parameters 
 are required. </p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Circuit_8.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23"></p>
 <p>The following networks are composed of a serial C or L (as seen from 
 the test port), followed by a shunt C or L. They are named <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Serial 
 C, Shunt C / Serial C, Shunt L / Serial L, Shunt C / Serial L, Shunt L.</I></span></p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Circuit_1.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_2.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_3.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_9.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23"></p>
 <p class=List>The following networks are composed of a shunt C or L (as 
 seen from the analyzer port), followed by a serial C or L. They are named 
 <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Shunt C, Serial C / Shunt C, Serial 
 L / Shunt L, Serial C / Shunt L, Serial L.</I></span></p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Circuit_4.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_5.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_6.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_7.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs10"> <a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Port_Conversion/Network_(De)embedding.htm#Embed_Single"
												id=a25
												style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Adding 
 a virtual network to a single-ended port</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
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<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs10"> <a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Port_Conversion/Network_(De)embedding.htm#Deembed_Single"
												id=a26
												style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Removing 
 a virtual network from a single-ended port</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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<table x-use-null-cells class="whs16">

<tr valign="top" class="whs17">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs18">
<p class="whs19">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs20">
<p class="whs21"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform_VNETworks.htm"
	id=a29
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Ch&gt;:TRANsform:VNETwork:SENDed...</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a29');
//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/MMEMory/MMEMory.htm#LOAD_VNETworks_SENDed_DEEMbedding"
	id=a32
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
MMEMory:LOAD:VNETworks&lt;Ch&gt;:SENDed:DEEMbedding&lt;Ph_pt&gt; '&lt;file_name&gt;'</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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//--></script><a 
 href="../../../SCPI_Reference/MMEMory/MMEMory.htm#LOAD_VNETworks_SENDed_EMBedding"
	id=a33
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
MMEMory:LOAD:VNETworks&lt;Ch&gt;:SENDed:EMBedding&lt;Ph_pt&gt; '&lt;file_name&gt;'</a><script 
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	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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</table>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs7">


<h5><span class=dropspot><a name=Balanced_Port__De_Embedding></a>Balanced 
 Port Embedding/Deembedding</span> </h5>

<p>Selects a 4-port transformation network for balanced port (de-)embedding, 
 defines its parameters, assigns it to a physical port and enables (de-)embedding. 
 The two dialogs for deembedding and embedding are identical except for 
 their inverse effect. The dialogs are available only after a <a HREF="Balanced_Ports.htm#Define"
	id=A22
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">balanced 
 port</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A22');
//--></script> 
 configuration has been defined. </p>

<p class=Figure
	style="x-condition: Webhelp_Print;"><img src="Balanced_embedding.jpg" width="335px" height="406px" border="0" class="img_whs24"></p>

<p>The dialogs contain the following control elements: </p>

<ul type="disc" class="whs3">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Physical 
 Port </I></span>is the physical analyzer port for the added or removed circuit. 
 The transformation networks are defined such that the physical analyzer 
 test port is connected to the left of the circuit; the DUT port is on 
 the right side. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(De-)embed 
 DUT </I></span>enables or disables the (de-)embedding function. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Transformation 
 Network </I></span>contains all available 4-port networks (see below). Networks 
 are defined by lumped elements or by means of imported S-parameter data. 
 The element parameters (C, R, L) for the selected 
 network are displayed on the right side. </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Read 
 Data From File... </I></span>is enabled as long as one of the networks involving 
 two-port or four-port S-parameter data is active. The S-parameters are 
 read from two-port (*.s2p) or four-port (*.s4p) Touchstone files. Each 
 two-port file can be assigned to one of two different physical ports, 
 to be selected by means of the <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Phys. 
 Port </I></span><span>radio buttons.</span> &nbsp;</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CList><p class=List><span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Set 
 to Ideal Through </I></span>is enabled as long as one of the networks involving 
 two-port or four-port S-parameter data is active. An imported S-parameter 
 set is replaced by the S-parameters of an ideal through connection, which 
 eliminates the transformation network. &nbsp;</p></li>
</ul>

<p class=Dropdownline><img src="../../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs1"><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a19" style="x-text-underline: normal;
												color: #008000;
												/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative;
												text-decoration: underline; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Circuit 
 models for 4-port networks</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a19');
//--></script></p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP178241619" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p>The lumped element 4-port transformation networks for (de-)embedding 
 consist of the following two basic circuit blocks: </p>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>A capacitor C connected in parallel 
 with a resistor. </p></li>
 </ul>
 <ul type="disc" class="whs3">
  <li class=kadov-p-CList>
  <p class=List>An inductor L connected in series 
 with a resistor. </p></li>
 </ul>
 <p>The transformation networks comprise various combinations of 3 basic 
 circuit blocks, where two blocks represent serial elements, the third 
 a shunt element. In the default setting the resistors are not effective, 
 since the serial Rs are set to 0 <span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W</span>, 
 the shunt Rs are set to 10 M<span style="font-family: Symbol, serif;">W</span>. 
 Moreover, the serial elements can be replaced by imported 2-port S-parameters, 
 or the entire transformation network can be described by imported 4-port 
 S-parameters. </p>
 <p class=List>The first network is defined by its S-parameters stored in 
 an imported four-port Touchstone file (*.s4p). No additional parameters 
 are required. </p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Circuit_22.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;</p>
 <p>The following networks are composed of a shunt C or L and two serial 
 elements, described by means of imported 2-port S-parameters. They are 
 named <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Serial 2-port, Shunt C / Serial 
 2-port, Shunt L / Shunt L, Serial 2-port / Shunt C, Serial 2-port.</I></span></p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Circuit_10.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_11.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_19.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_16.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;</p>
 <p>The following networks are composed of two serial Cs or Ls (as seen 
 from the analyzer test port), followed by a shunt C or L. They are named 
 <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Serial Cs, Shunt C / Serial Cs, Shunt 
 L / Serial Ls, Shunt C / Serial Ls, Shunt L.</I></span></p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Circuit_12.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_13.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_14.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_15.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;</p>
 <p>The following networks are composed of a shunt C or L (as seen from 
 the analyzer test port), followed by two serial Cs or Ls. They are named 
 <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Shunt C, Serial Cs / Shunt C, Serial 
 Ls / Shunt L, Serial Cs / Shunt L, Serial Ls.</I></span></p>
 <p class=Figure><img src="Circuit_17.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_18.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_20.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;<img src="Circuit_21.gif" width="144px" height="176px" border="0" class="img_whs23">&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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	style="x-condition: OLH;"><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs10"> <a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Port_Conversion/Network_(De)embedding.htm#Embed_Balanced"
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												style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Adding 
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<p class=Linkline
	style="x-condition: OLH;"><img src="../../../small_images/helpwoval3.gif" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="42px" height="18px" border="0" class="img_whs10"> <a href="../../../Measurement_Examples/Port_Conversion/Network_(De)embedding.htm#Deembed_Balanced"
												id=a31
												style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Removing 
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<table x-use-null-cells class="whs16">

<tr valign="top" class="whs17">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="24%" class="whs18">
<p class="whs19">Remote control:</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" width="76%" class="whs20">
<p class="whs21"><a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/CALCulate/CALCulate_TRANsform_VNETworks.htm"
	id=a37
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">CALCulate&lt;Ch&gt;:TRANsform:VNETwork:BALanced...</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
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	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ "><br>
MMEMory:LOAD:VNETworks&lt;Ch&gt;:BALanced:DEEMbedding&lt;Log_pt&gt; '&lt;file_name&gt;', 
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MMEMory:LOAD:VNETworks&lt;Ch&gt;:BALanced:EMBedding<a href="../../../SCPI_Reference/MMEMory/MMEMory.htm#LOAD_VNETworks_BALanced_DEEMbedding"
														id=a35
														style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">&lt;Log_pt&gt;<span 
 style="color: #000000;"> <font color=black ></font></span>'&lt;file_name&gt;', PMAIn, PSECondary</a><script 
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