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<h2>Calibration Overview &nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onClick="var e; if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion)>=4){e=event;}  if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) >=2 && typeof(PopupMenu_Invoke) == 'function') PopupMenu_Invoke(e,'','Calibration Kits','Calibration_Kits.htm','Calibration Manager','../../MMI_Reference/Channel/Calibration/Calibration_Manager.htm','Calibration Types','Calibration_Types.htm','Channel - Calibration','../../MMI_Reference/Channel/Calibration/Channel_-_Calibration.htm');return false;" title="Related Topics"><img src="../../ss_btn_related_topics1.gif" border=0 height=17 width=82 alt="Related Topics"></a>


 </h2>

<p>Calibration is the process of eliminating systematic, reproducible errors 
 from the measurement results (system error correction). The process involves 
 the following stages: &nbsp;</p>

<ol type="disc" class="whs1">
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CProcedure><p class=Procedure>A set of <a HREF="Calibration_Kits.htm"
	id=A2
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">calibration 
 standards</a><script type="text/javascript"
											language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A2');
//--></script> 
 is selected and measured over the required <A href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="BSSCPopup('Calibration_text0.htm');return false;" onMouseOver="if (parseInt(navigator.appVersion) >= 4) BSPSPopupOnMouseOver(event);" class="popupspot" >sweep 
 range</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a3');
//--></script>. 
 For many calibration types the magnitude and phase response of each calibration 
 standard (i.e. its S-parameters if no system errors occur) must be known 
 within the entire sweep range. In some calibration procedures (TRL, TNA, 
 TRM), part of the characteristics of the standards can be auto-determined 
 due to implicit redundancy (self-calibration). </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CProcedure><p class=Procedure>The analyzer compares 
 the measurement data of the standards with their known, ideal response. 
 The difference is used to calculate the system errors using a particular 
 error model (<a HREF="Calibration_Types.htm"
				id=A4
				style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">calibration 
 type</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A4');
//--></script>) 
 and derive a set of system error correction data. &nbsp;</p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-CProcedure><p class=Procedure>The system error correction 
 data is used to correct the measurement results of a DUT that is measured 
 instead of the standards. &nbsp;</p></li>
</ol>

<p>Calibration is always channel-specific because it depends on the hardware 
 settings, in particular on the sweep range. The means that a system error 
 correction data set is stored with the calibrated channel. &nbsp;</p>

<p>The analyzer provides a wide range of sophisticated calibration methods 
 for all types of measurements. Which calibration method is selected depends 
 on the expected system errors, the accuracy requirements of the measurement, 
 on the test setup and on the types of calibration standards available. 
 </p>

<p>Due to the analyzer's <a href="../../MMI_Reference/Channel/Calibration/Guided_Calibration.htm"
							id=A23
							style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">calibration 
 wizard</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A23');
//--></script>, 
 calibration is a straightforward, menu-guided process. Moreover, it is 
 possible to perform the entire calibration process automatically using 
 a <span style="font-style: italic;"><I><a HREF="Automatic_Calibration.htm"
										id=A5
										style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Calibration 
 Unit</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A5');
//--></script></I></span> 
 (accessory R&amp;S ZV-Z51/-Z52 or R&amp;S ZV-Z58)<span style="font-style: italic;"><I>.</I></span> 
 </p>

<p><img src="../../small_images/tips.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs2">The system error correction data determined in a calibration 
 procedure are stored on the analyzer. You can read these correction data 
 using the remote control command <span style="font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;"><a 
 href="../../SCPI_Reference/SENSe/SENSe_CORRection.htm#CDATa"
	id=A51
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">[SENSe&lt;Ch&gt;:]</span><span 
 class=dropspot
	style="font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;">CORRection:CDATa</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A51');
//--></script>.</span> 
 You can also replace the correction data of the analyzer by your own correction 
 data sets. </p>

<p class=Note><img src="../../small_images/note.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs2"> A red label <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>Cal 
 Off !</I></span> appears behind the trace list if the system error correction 
 no longer applies to one or more traces: <br>
<br>
 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="Trace_Cal_Off.gif" width="350px" height="40px" border="0" class="img_whs3"> &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
<br>
This may happen for the one of the following reasons:<br>
&#8211; The 
 sweep range is outside the calibrated frequency range.<br>
&#8211; The 
 channel calibration is not sufficient for the measured quantity (e.g. 
 a one-port calibration has been performed, but the measured quantity is 
 a transmission parameter). <br>
&#8211; The 
 system error correction has been switched off deliberately <span style="font-style: italic;"><I>(<a 
 HREF="../../MMI_Reference/Channel/Calibration/Repeat_Previous_Cal.htm#Correction_Off"
	id=A6
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Correction 
 Off</a><script type="text/javascript"
									language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A6');
//--></script>).</I></span> 
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