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<h3>Command Processing &nbsp;&nbsp;</h3>

<p class=InlineNormal>The block diagram below shows how GPIB bus commands 
 are serviced in the instrument. <span style="x-condition: OLH;">The instrument 
 model consists of the following components:</span></p>

<ul>
	
	<li style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ x-condition: OLH; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-Clist><p class=list
								style="x-condition: OLH;"><a href="Command_Processing.htm#Input_Unit"
															id=A5
															style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Input 
 Unit</a><script type="text/javascript"
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	<li style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ x-condition: OLH; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-Clist><p class=list
								style="x-condition: OLH;"><a href="Command_Processing.htm#Command_Recognition"
															id=A6
															style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Command 
 Recognition</a><script type="text/javascript"
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	<li style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ x-condition: OLH; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-Clist><p class=list
								style="x-condition: OLH;"><a href="Command_Processing.htm#Data_Set_and_Instrument_Hardware"
															id=A7
															style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Data 
 Set and Instrument Hardware</a><script type="text/javascript"
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	<li style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ x-condition: OLH; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-Clist><p class=list
								style="x-condition: OLH;"><a href="Command_Processing.htm#Status_Reporting_System"
															id=A8
															style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Status 
 Reporting System</a><script type="text/javascript"
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	<li style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ x-condition: OLH; /*}}end!kadov*/ "
		class=kadov-p-Clist><p class=list
								style="x-condition: OLH;"><a href="Command_Processing.htm#Output_Unit"
															id=A9
															style="x-condition: OLH; /*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Output 
 Unit</a><script type="text/javascript"
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</ul>

<p class=InlineNormal>The individual components work independently and 
 simultaneously. They communicate with each other by means of so-called 
 &quot;messages&quot;.</p>

<p class=Figure><span lang=EN-US
						style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: pica;"><font size=4 style="font-size:14pt;"><img src="image002.gif" width="444px" height="427px" border="0" class="img_whs1"></font></span><span lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</span><span lang=EN-US
														style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: pica;"><font size=4 style="font-size:14pt;">&nbsp;</font></span></p>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs2">


<h4><a name=Input_Unit></a>Input Unit</h4>

<p><span lang=EN-US>The input unit receives commands character by character 
 from the GPIB bus and collects them in the input buffer</span><span lang=EN-US>. 
 The input unit sends a message to the command recognition as soon as the 
 input buffer is full or as soon as it receives a delimiter</span><span 
 lang=EN-US>, &lt;PROGRAM MESSAGE TERMINATOR&gt;, as defined in IEEE 488.2, 
 or the interface message DCL. </span></p>

<p class=InlineNormal2><span lang=EN-US>If the input buffer is full, the 
 GPIB bus traffic is stopped and the data received up to then is processed. 
 Subsequently the GPIB bus traffic is continued. If, however, the buffer 
 is not yet full when receiving the delimiter, the input unit can already 
 receive the next command during command recognition and execution. The 
 receipt of a DCL</span><span lang=EN-US> clears the input buffer and immediately 
 initiates a message to the command recognition.</span></p>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs2">


<h4><span lang=EN-US><a name=Command_Recognition></a>Command Recognition</span></h4>

<p><span lang=EN-US>The command recognition stage analyzes the data received 
 from the input unit. It proceeds in the order in which it receives the 
 data. Only a DCL is serviced with priority, e.g. a GET (Group Execute 
 Trigger)</span><span lang=EN-US> is only executed after the commands received 
 before. Each recognized command is immediately transferred to the data 
 set</span><span lang=EN-US> but not executed immediately. </span></p>

<p class=InlineNormal1>The command recognition detects syntax errors in 
 the commands and transfers them to the status reporting system. The rest 
 of a command line after a syntax error is ignored. </p>

<p class=InlineNormal2><span lang=EN-US>If the command recognition detects 
 a delimiter or a DCL, it also requests the data set to perform the necessary 
 instrument hardware settings. Subsequently it is immediately prepared 
 to process further commands. This means that new commands can already 
 be serviced while the hardware is still being set (&quot;overlapping execution</span><span 
 lang=EN-US>&quot;). </span></p>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs2">


<h4><span lang=EN-US><a name=Data_Set_and_Instrument_Hardware></a>Data 
 Set and Instrument Hardware</span></h4>

<p class=InlineNormal>The expression &quot;instrument hardware&quot; denotes 
 the part of the instrument fulfilling the actual instrument function &#8211; signal generation, 
 measurement etc. The controller is not included. The data set is a detailed 
 software reproduction of the instrument hardware. </p>

<p class=InlineNormal1>GPIB bus setting commands lead to an alteration 
 in the data set. The data set management enters the new values (e.g. frequency) 
 into the data set, however, it only passes them on to the hardware when 
 requested by the command recognition. This can only occur at the end of 
 a command line, therefore the order of the setting commands in the command 
 line is not relevant. </p>

<p class=InlineNormal1>The commands are only checked for their compatibility 
 among each other and with the instrument hardware immediately before they 
 are transmitted to the instrument hardware. If the instrument detects 
 that execution is not possible, an &quot;execution error&quot; is signalled 
 to the status reporting system. All alterations of the data set are cancelled, 
 the instrument hardware is not reset. Due to the delayed checking and 
 hardware setting, however, impermissible instrument states can be set 
 for a short period of time within one command line without this leading 
 to an error message (example: simultaneous activation of a frequency and 
 a power sweep). At the end of the command line, however, a permissible 
 instrument state must have been reached again. </p>

<p class=InlineNormal2><span lang=EN-US>Before passing on the data to the 
 hardware, the settling bit in the </span><span lang=EN-US
												style="font-family: 'Courier New';">STATus:OPERation</span><span 
 lang=EN-US> register is set (cf. section <i><a href="../Status_Reporting_System/Status_Registers.htm#STATus_OPERation" id="a1" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">STATus:OPERation 
 Register</a><script type="text/javascript"
										language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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//--></script></i>). 
 The hardware executes the settings and resets the bit again as soon as 
 the new state has settled. This fact can be used to synchronize command 
 servicing. </span></p>

<p class=InlineNormal1>GPIB bus queries induce the data set management 
 to send the desired data to the output unit.</p>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs2">


<h4><span lang=EN-US><a name=Status_Reporting_System></a>Status Reporting 
 System</span></h4>

<p><span lang=EN-US>The status reporting system collects information on 
 the instrument state and makes it available to the output unit on request. 
 The exact structure and function are described in section<i> </i><a href="../Status_Reporting_System/Status_Reporting_System.htm"
	id=a2
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Status 
 Reporting System.</a><script type="text/javascript"
													language=JavaScript1.2><!--
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//--></script></span></p>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs2">


<h4><a name=Output_Unit></a>Output Unit</h4>

<p class=InlineNormal>The output unit collects the information requested 
 by the controller, which it receives from the data set management. It 
 processes it according to the SCPI rules and makes it available in the 
 output buffer. If the information requested is longer, it is made available 
 &quot;in portions&quot; without this being recognized by the controller.</p>

<p class=InlineNormal1>If the instrument is addressed as a talker without 
 the output buffer containing data or awaiting data from the data set management, 
 the output unit sends the error message &quot;Query UNTERMINATED&quot; 
 to the status reporting system. No data is sent on the GPIB bus, the controller 
 waits until it has reached its time limit. This behavior is specified 
 by SCPI.</p>


<hr align="center" width="50%" class="whs2">


<h4><a name=Command_Synchronization></a>Command Sequence and Command Synchronization</h4>

<p>IEEE 488.2 defines a distinction between overlapped and sequential commands: 
 </p>

<ul>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-Clist><p class=list>A sequential command is one which 
 finishes executing before the next command starts executing. Commands 
 that are processed quickly are usually implemented as sequential commands. 
 </p></li>
	
	<li class=kadov-p-Clist><p class=list>An overlapping command is one 
 which does not automatically finish executing before the next command 
 starts executing. Usually, overlapping commands take longer to process 
 and allow the program to do other tasks while being executed. If overlapping 
 commands do have to be executed in a defined order, e.g. in order to avoid 
 wrong measurement results, they must be serviced sequentially. This is 
 called synchronization between the controller and the analyzer. </p></li>
</ul>

<p>According to section <span lang=EN-US
								style="font-style: italic;"><I><a href="Command_Processing.htm#Data_Set_and_Instrument_Hardware"
	id=A10
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Data 
 Set and Instrument Hardware</a><script type="text/javascript"
															language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A10');
//--></script>,</I></span> 
 setting commands within one command line, even though they may be implemented 
 as sequential commands, are not necessarily serviced in the order in which 
 they have been received. In order to make sure that commands are actually 
 carried out in a certain order, each command must be sent in a separate 
 command line. <span style="font-weight: bold;"><B><a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a12" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Examples:</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a12');
//--></script></B></span> 
 </p>

<div class="droptext" id="POPUP249674573" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p class="whs3">Example 1: Commands and queries in one message 
 </p>
 <p>The response from a query combined in a program message with commands 
 that affect the queried value is not predictable. Sending </p>
 <p class=Program-syntax>:FREQ:STAR 100;SPAN 100</p>
 <p class=Program-syntax>:FREQ:STAR?</p>
 <p class=space>&nbsp;</p>
 <p>always returns 100. When:</p>
 <p class=Program-syntax>:FREQ:STAR 100;STAR?;SPAN 100</p>
 <p class=space>&nbsp;</p>
 <p>is sent, however, the result is not specified by SCPI. The result could 
 be the value of START before the command was sent since the instrument 
 might defer executing the individual commands until a program message 
 terminator is received. The result could also be 100 if the instrument 
 executes commands as they are received.</p>
 <p>As a general rule, send commands and queries in different program messages.</p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
 <p class="whs3">Example 2: Overlapping command with *OPC 
 </p>
 <p>The analyzer implements <span style="font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;">INITiate[:IMMediate]</span> 
 as an overlapped command. Assuming that <span style="font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;">INITiate[:IMMediate]</span> 
 takes longer to execute than *<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;">OPC</span>, 
 sending the command sequence </p>
 <p class=Program-syntax>INIT; *OPC.</p>
 <p class=space>&nbsp;</p>
 <p>results in initiating a sweep and, after some time, setting the OPC 
 bit in the ESR. Sending the commands: </p>
 <p class=Program-syntax>INIT; *OPC; *CLS</p>
 <p class=space>&nbsp;</p>
 <p>still initiates a sweep. Since the operation is still pending when the 
 analyzer executes <span style="font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;">*CLS</span>, 
 forcing it into the Operation Complete Command Idle State (OCIS), *OPC 
 is effectively skipped. The OPC bit is not set until the analyzer executes 
 another *OPC command. </p>
</div>
<p><img src="../../small_images/tip.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="36px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs4"> The analyzer provides only one overlapped command, <span 
 style="font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;"><a HREF="../../SCPI_Reference/INITiate/INITiate.htm#IMMediate"
													id=A3
													style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">INITiate&lt;Ch&gt;[:IMMediate]</a><script 
 type="text/javascript"
	language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('A3');
//--></script></span>. 
 What is said below is not relevant for the other (sequential) SCPI commands. 
 &nbsp;</p>

<p><img src="../../small_images/info_red.jpg" x-maintain-ratio="TRUE" width="32px" height="37px" border="0" class="img_whs5"> <a class="dropspot" href="javascript:kadovTextPopup(this)" id="a4" style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Preventing 
 overlapping execution</a><script type="text/javascript"
														language=JavaScript1.2><!--
kadovInitEffects('a4');
//--></script></p>


<div class="droptext" id="POPUP178870903" style="display: 'none'; " x-ss-type="dropdown">
 <p><span lang=EN-US>To prevent an overlapping execution of commands, one 
 of the commands *OPC, *OPC? or *WAI can be used. For a programming example 
 refer to section </span><span lang=EN-US
								style="font-style: italic;"><I><a HREF="../../Program_Examples/Basic_Tasks/Typical_Stages_of_a_Remote_Control_Program.htm#Command_Synchronization"
	id=a11
	style="/*begin!kadov{{*/ position: relative; /*}}end!kadov*/ ">Command 
 Synchronization</a></I></span><span lang=EN-US>in Chapter </span><span lang=EN-US
												style="font-style: italic;"><I>Programming 
 Examples.</I></span><span lang=EN-US></span></p>
 <table class=NormalTable
		x-use-null-cells
		style="margin-left: 3.4pt;
				border-collapse: collapse;
				border-spacing: 0px;
				border-spacing: 0px;"
		cellspacing=0>
  <tr class="whs6">
  <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="78.1pt" class="whs7">
  <p class=Tabcmu1>Command</td>
  <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="184.3pt" class="whs8">
  <p class=Tabcmu1>Action after the hardware has settled</td>
  <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="155.9pt" class="whs9">
  <p class=Tabcmu1>Programming the controller</td></tr>
  <tr class="whs6">
  <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="78.1pt" class="whs10">
  <p class=Tabcmu2>*WAI</td>
  <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="184.3pt" class="whs11">
  <p class=Tabcmu2><span lang=EN-US>Stops further command</span><span lang=EN-US
	style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><font size=2 style="font-size:10pt;">&nbsp;</font></span><span lang=EN-US>processing 
 until all commands sent before *WAI have been executed <br>Note: The GPIB bus handshake is not stopped</span></td>
  <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="155.9pt" class="whs12">
  <p class=Tabcmu2>Send *WAI directly after the command which should be terminated 
 before the next command is executed. </td></tr>
  <tr class="whs6">
  <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="78.1pt" class="whs10">
  <p class=Tabcmu2>*OPC?</td>
  <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="184.3pt" class="whs11">
  <p class=Tabcmu2>Stops command processing until 1 is returned, i.e. until 
 the Operation Complete bit has been set in the ESR. This bit indicates 
 that the previous commands have been completed. </td>
  <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="155.9pt" class="whs12">
  <p class=Tabcmu2>Send *OPC? directly after the command which should be 
 terminated before the next command is executed. </td></tr>
  <tr class="whs6">
  <td valign="top" width="78.1pt" class="whs10">
  <p class=Tabcmu2>*OPC</td>
  <td valign="top" width="184.3pt" class="whs11">
  <p class=Tabcmu2>Sets the operation complete bit in the ESR after all previous 
 commands have been executed.</td>
  <td valign="top" width="155.9pt" class="whs12">
  <p class=Tabcmu2>&#8211; 
 Set bit 0 in the ESE<br>&#8211; Set 
 bit 5 in the SRE<br>&#8211; Wait 
 for service request (SRQ)</td></tr>
 </table>
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